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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
chromatin |
structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins. -condenses to form chromosomes during cell division |
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chromosome |
threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded in genes 46 chromosomes (23 pairs, one set from each parent) |
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides |
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diaphragm |
muscular wall that divides thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. alternating contraction and relaxation of it is essential to the breathing process |
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metabolism |
sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism includes building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of body constituents |
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organelle |
cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell) and lysosomes (digestion) |
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levels of organiztion |
cell tissue organ system organism |
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cell |
smallest structural and functional unit of life three main parts: cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus |
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cytology |
study of the body at the cellular level |
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cytoplasm |
jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients |
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organelles |
specialized cellular structure within the cytoplasm that performs a specific function |
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tissue |
groups of cells that perform a specialized activity |
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histology |
study of tissues |
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four major tissues |
epithelial connective muscle nervous |
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epithelial tissue |
covers surface of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portion of glands, and makes up epidermis of the skin. It is composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers |
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connective tissue |
supports and connects other tissues and organs. It is made up of diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, fat cells and blood |
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muscle tissue |
provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for mobvement |
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nervous tissue |
transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body. |
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organ |
body structures that perform specialized functions. composed of two or more tissue types. |
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system |
composed of varying organs and accessory structures that have a similar or related function. |
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organism |
highest level of organization. complete living entity capable of independent existence. |
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anatomical position |
body posture used to locate anatomical parts or divisions. the body is standing erect and the face forward. The arms are at the sides, with the palms facing forward. Body always described as if it were in this position. |
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plane |
imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections. serves as point of reference to identify the different sections of the body |
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midsagittal |
middle, median |
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coronal |
frontal |
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transverse |
horizontal |
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body cavity |
space within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs, each of the two major cavities consist of two smaller cavities |
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dorsal |
posterior, including cranial and spinal cavities |
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ventral |
anterior, including the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
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quadrants |
two imaginary lines that form a cross in the midsection of the lower torso |
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abdominopelvic region |
9 cavities. used to id location of the underlying body structures and visceral organs |
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right hypochondriac |
upper right lateral region beneath the ribs |
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epigastric |
upper middle region |
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left hypochondriac |
upper left lateral region beneath the ribs |
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right lumbar |
middle right lateral region |
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umbilical |
region of the navel |
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left lumbar |
middle left lateral region |
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right inguinal (iliac) |
lower right lateral region |
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hypogastric |
lower middle region |
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left inguinal (ilia) |
lower left lateral region |
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abduction |
movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts |
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adduction |
movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body |
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medial |
pertaining to the midline of the body or structure |
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lateral |
pertaining to a side |
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superior (cephalad) |
toward the head or upper portion of a structure |
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inferior (caudal) |
away form the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure |
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proximal |
nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body |
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distal |
further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body |
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anterior (ventral) |
front of the body |
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posterior (dorsal) |
back of the body |
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parietal |
pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity |
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visceral |
pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs |
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prone |
lying on the abdomen, face down |
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supine |
lying horizontally on the back, face up |
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inversion |
turning inward or inside out |
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eversion |
turning outward |
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palmar |
pertaining to the palm of the hand |
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plantar |
pertaining to the sole of the foot |
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superficial |
toward the surface of the body (external) |
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deep |
away from the surface of the body (internal) |
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cyt/o |
cell |
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hits/o |
tissue |
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kary/o |
nucleus |
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nucle/o |
nucleus |
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anter/o |
anterior, front |
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caud/o |
tail |
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cephal/o |
head |
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dist/o |
far, farthest |
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dors/o |
back (of body) |
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infer/o |
lower, below |
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later/o |
side, to one side |
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medi/o |
middle |
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poster/o |
back (of body), behind, posterior |
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proxim/o |
near, nearest |
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ventr/o |
belly, belly side |
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abdomin/o |
abdomen |
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cervic/o |
neck, cervix uteri (neck of uterus) |
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crani/o |
crainum (skull) |
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gastr/o |
stomach |
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ili/o |
ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone) |
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inguin/o |
groin |
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lumb/o |
loins (lower back) |
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pelv/i |
pelvis |
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pelv/o |
pelvis |
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spin/o |
spine |
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thorac/o |
chest |
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umbilic/o |
umbilicus, navel |
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albin/o |
white |
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leuk/o |
white |
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chlor/o |
green |
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chrom/o |
color |
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cirrh/o |
yellow |
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jaund/o |
yellow |
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xanth/o |
yellow |
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cyan/o |
blue |
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erythr/o |
red |
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melan/o |
black |
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poli/o |
gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord) |
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acr/o |
extremity |
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eti/o |
cause |
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idi/o |
unknown, peculiar |
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morph/o |
form, shape, structure |
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path/o |
disease |
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radi/o |
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side) |
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somat/o |
body |
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son/o |
sound |
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tom/o |
to cut |
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viscer/o |
internal organs |
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xer/o |
dry |
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-genesis |
forming, producing, origin |
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-gnosis |
knowing |
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-gram |
record, writing |
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-graph |
instrument for recording |
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-graphy |
process of recording |
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-logist |
specialist in the study of |
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-logy |
study of |
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-meter |
instrument for measuring |
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-metry |
act of measuring |
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-pathy |
diease |
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ab- |
from, away from |
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ad- |
toward |
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hetro- |
different |
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homeo- |
same, alike |
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infra- |
below, under |
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peri- |
around |
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super- |
upper, above |
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trans- |
across, through |
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ultra- |
excess, beyond |
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homeostasis |
stable internal environment that provides a narrow range of temperature, water, acidity, and salt concentration |
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disease |
when homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissues or organs are unable to function normally pathological or morbid condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms and clinical findings |
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signs |
indicators that are observable |
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symptom |
(Sx) subjective indicator of disease (experienced only by patient) |
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etiology |
study of cause or origin of a disease or disorder include: metabolic, infectious, congenital, hereditary, environmental, neoplastic |
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diagnosis |
(Dx) establishing the cause and nature of disease |
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prognosis |
the prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome. |
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idiopathic |
cause of disease that is unknown |
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sequelae |
complications that arise directly from disease, injury or treatment |
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adhesion |
abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated |
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ascites |
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity |
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edema |
abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces |
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febrile |
pertaining to a fever; also called pyretic |
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gangrene |
death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction, trauma or infection |
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hernia |
protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it |
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inflammation |
body defense against injury, infection, or allergy mared by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and sometimes loss of function |
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mycosis |
any fungal infection in or on the body |
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perforation |
hole that completely penetrates a structure |
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peritonitis |
inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs |
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rupture |
sudden or bursting of a structure or organ |
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sepsis |
pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the bloodstream |
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suppuration |
producing or associated with the generation of pus |
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infusion therapy |
delivery of fluids directly into the blood stream via a vein for treating various disorders. also called IV therapy |
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ablation |
removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF) |
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anastomosis |
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segment to allow flow from one to another |
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cauterize |
destruction of tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals |
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curettage |
scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called curette (curet) |
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incision and drainage (I&D) |
incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity |
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laser surgery |
use of a high intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, stop bleeding vessels, or for cosmetic purposes |
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resectin |
removal of part or all of a structure, organ, or tissue |
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revision |
surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery |
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assessment techniques |
sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient inspection palpation percussion auscultation |
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inspection |
general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas |
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palpatation |
gentle application of the hands to specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures |
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percussion |
tapping a structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence of fluids within underlying structure especially helpful in assessing in the lung and abdomen |
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auscultation |
listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds |
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endoscopy |
visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope used for biopsy, surgery, aspirating fluids, and coagulating bleeding areas. endoscope names for the organ, cavity, or canal being examined |
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blood chemistry analysis |
lab test, usually performed on serum to evaluate various substances to determine whether they fall within a normal range |
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complete blood count (CBC) |
panel of blood tests used as a broad screening test for anemias, infections, and other diseases |
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organ-disease panels |
series of blood test to evaluate to a specific organ (liver panel) or disease (anemia panel) |
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computed tomography (CT) |
imaging technique in which X-ray emitter rotates around the area to be scanned and a computer measures the intensity of transmitted x-rays from different angles; formerly called computerized axial tomography |
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fluoroscopy |
technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion used to view the motion of organs, or to aid in the placement of catheters or other devices |
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissue |
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nuclear scan |
technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested or injected) and a specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures |
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positron emission tomography (PET) |
computed tomography records the positrons (positive charged particles) emitted from radiopharmaceuticals to produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity to determine presence of disease |
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radiography |
technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on film to generate an image; also called x-ray to x-ray soft tissue need to use contrast to enhance images. common ones include barium and iodine compounds |
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single-photon emission computed tomograpy (SPECT) |
radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs |
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ultrasonography (US) |
high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure, also called ultrasound, sonography and echo |
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biopsy |
(bx) removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis two kinds: excisional incisional |
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excisional |
biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed |
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incisional |
biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed |