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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List four floral parts (wholrs) in order from outside to inside a flower.
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Sepal
petal stamen carpel |
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Distinguish between complete and incomplete flowers
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Complete has all four organs(whorls) and incomplete is lacking one
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Distinguish between bisexual and unisexual flowers
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Bisexual flowers(Perfect flowers) have boh male and female organs)
Unisexual flowers(Imperfect flowers) has only one set of sex organs. |
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Distinguish between monoecious and dioecious plant species
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Diocious plants cannot self-fertalize because different individuals eaither have staminate flowers or carpellate flowers.Monoicous organisms are defined as having both sperm-producing and egg-producing reproductive organs in the same individual
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Explain by which generation, structure, and process spores are produced.
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Spores are produced in the sporophyte generation(diploid) inside the sporangium through meiosis.
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Explain by which generation, structure, and process gametes are produced.
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Gametes are produced in the Gametophyte generation(haploid) formed in the archegonia and antheridia
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Name the structures that represent the male and female gametophytes of flowering plants.
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Pollen grain represents the male gametophytes and embro sac are the female gametophytes
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Describe the development of an embryo sac and explain the fate of each of its cells.
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One cell in the megasporangium enlarges and undergoes meiosis producing 4 haploid megaspores. Only one megaspore survives which continues to grow and nuckleus divides by mitosis three times without cytokinesis resulting in one large cell with eight haploid nuclei. membranes then partition this mass into a multicellular female gametophyte called the embryo sac.
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Explain how pollen can be transferred between flowers.
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pollen can travel by:
Wind bees butterflys flies |
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Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.
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Fertalization is the union of egg and sperm where pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to stigma.
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State the function of a seed coat
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Encloses and protects the embro and endosperm.
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State the function of suspensor
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Anchors the embryo to the parent plant. Helps in transferring nutrients to the embryo from the parent plant.
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State the function of an endosperm.
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Provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
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State the function of a seed coat
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Encloses and protects the embro and endosperm.
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State the function of suspensor
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Anchors the embryo to the parent plant. Helps in transferring nutrients to the embryo from the parent plant.
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State the function of an endosperm.
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Provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
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desribe the machanisms that prevent self-fertalization
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Plants have flowers that mature at different times or are structurally arranged in such a way that it is unlikely that an animal pollinator could transfer pollen from an anther to stigma of same flower. Self-incompatibilty is the ability to reject its own pollen.
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Explain how monocot and dicot seed differ
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Dicots retain their food supply in the endosperm and transfer them to the rest of the embryo where the seed germinates. Monocot has a single cotyledon called scutellum which has a large surface area and is pressed against the endosperm, from which is absorbs nutrients during germination.
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Explain how seed dormancy can be advantageous to a plant.
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Seeds will germinate once they have the right conditions and get a cue.
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Describe some conditions for breaking dormancy.
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Lots of water to wash away the inhibitors on the seed coat.
Vernalization is a period of cold before germination Scarafication- Seed coat is very tough and must be scrathed or etched with acid. Light cues- tiny seeds without much food energy |
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Describe the natural mechanisms of vegetative reproduction in plants, including fragmentation and apomixis.
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Natural mechanoisms of vegative reproduction are
Fragmentation which is the seperation of a parent plant into parts that develop into a whole plant Apomixis- The ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds without fertilization by a male gamete. |
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Explain the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing asexually.
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advantages are there are no need for a pollinator, allows the plant to pass on all of its genetic legacy intact to its progeny.
No genetic diversity makes risk of local extinction if environment changes. |
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Explain the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing sexually.
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Disadvantage: only passes on half of alleles.
Advantage: more survival in an unstable environment |
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Explain how the technique of plant tissue culture can be used to clone and genetically engineer plants.
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Most techniques for the introduction of foreign genes into plants require a small piece of plant tissue or a single plant cells at the starting material. You can use this to combine plants to make new resistant plants.
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Describe two transgenic crops.
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Papaya is resistant to a virus.
Golden rice has beta caratine in it. |
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Describe some of the biological arguments for and against genetically modified crops.
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Some believe there is an unknow health risks associated with the release of GMO into the environment. May create a superweed.
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desribe the machanisms that prevent self-fertalization
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Plants have flowers that mature at different times or are structurally arranged in such a way that it is unlikely that an animal pollinator could transfer pollen from an anther to stigma of same flower. Self-incompatibilty is the ability to reject its own pollen.
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Explain how monocot and dicot seed differ
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Dicots retain their food supply in the endosperm and transfer them to the rest of the embryo where the seed germinates. Monocot has a single cotyledon called scutellum which has a large surface area and is pressed against the endosperm, from which is absorbs nutrients during germination.
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Explain how seed dormancy can be advantageous to a plant.
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Seeds will germinate once they have the right conditions and get a cue.
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Describe some conditions for breaking dormancy.
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Lots of water to wash away the inhibitors on the seed coat.
Vernalization is a period of cold before germination Scarafication- Seed coat is very tough and must be scrathed or etched with acid. Light cues- tiny seeds without much food energy |
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Describe the natural mechanisms of vegetative reproduction in plants, including fragmentation and apomixis.
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Natural mechanoisms of vegative reproduction are
Fragmentation which is the seperation of a parent plant into parts that develop into a whole plant Apomixis- The ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds without fertilization by a male gamete. |
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Explain the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing asexually.
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advantages are there are no need for a pollinator, allows the plant to pass on all of its genetic legacy intact to its progeny.
No genetic diversity makes risk of local extinction if environment changes. |
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Explain the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing sexually.
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Disadvantage: only passes on half of alleles.
Advantage: more survival in an unstable environment |
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Explain how the technique of plant tissue culture can be used to clone and genetically engineer plants.
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Most techniques for the introduction of foreign genes into plants require a small piece of plant tissue or a single plant cells at the starting material. You can use this to combine plants to make new resistant plants.
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Describe two transgenic crops.
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Papaya is resistant to a virus.
Golden rice has beta caratine in it. |
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Describe some of the biological arguments for and against genetically modified crops.
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Some believe there is an unknow health risks associated with the release of GMO into the environment. May create a superweed.
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Defiine:anther
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the pollen-bearing part of a stamen.
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Defiine:apomixis
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Reproduction without meiosis or formation of gametes.
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Defiine:asexual reproduction
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Reproduction occurring without the sexual union of male and female gametes
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Defiine:biotechnology
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the use of living organisms or other biological systems in the manufacture of drugs or other products or for environmental management
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Defiine:callus
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A mass of dividing, undifferentitation cells at the cut end of a shoot
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Defiine:coleoptile
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The covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed
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Defiine:coleorhiza
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The covering of the young root of the embryo of a grass seed
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Defiine:fragmentation
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a means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.
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Defiine:epicotyl
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In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonix axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and below the first pair of miniature leaves.
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Defiine:hypocotyl
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In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledons and above the radicle.
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Define:sepal
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A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.
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Define:self-incompatibility
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the ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals.
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Define:scutellum
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the shieldlike cotyledon of certain monocots.
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Define:scion
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The twig grafted onto the stock when making a graft.
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Define:radicle
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The embryonic root of a plant
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Define:protoplast fusion
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The fusing of two protoplasts from different plant species that would otherwise be reproductively incompatible
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Define:pistil
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a single carpel or a grouped of fused carpels
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Define:monoecious
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having both male and female organs in the same individual
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Define:inflorescence
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a group of flowers tightly clusered together
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Define:imbibition
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The physical absorbtion of water onto the internal surfaces of structures
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Define:stamen
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The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of anther and a filament.
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Define:stigma
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The sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains.
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Define:style
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The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.
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Define:transgenic
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Pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introudced from another orangism of the same or a different species.
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Define:vegetative reproduction
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Cloning of plants by asexual means.
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