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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
genetic structure from parents
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genotype
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outward appearance and repertory of behaviors
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phenotype
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the tendency of cultures to respond adaptively through learning, to environmenttal change
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cultural evolution
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the inheritance of physical and psychological traits from ancestors
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heredity
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the study of the machanisms of heredity
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genetics
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genetic material in the nucleus of each of your cells
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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DNA organized into tiny units
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genes
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chromosomes that contain genes coding for development of male or female physical characteristics
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sex chromosomes
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the full sequence of genes found on the chromosomes with the associated DNA
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genome
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unite genetics and psychology to explore the causal link between inheritance and behavior
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human behavior genetics
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provides evolutionary explanations for the social behavior and social systems of humans and other animal species
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sociobiology
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extend evolutionary explanations to include other aspects of human experience, such as how the mind functions
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evolutionary psychology
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highly localized brain injuries
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lesions
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uses pulses of magnetic stimulation to create temporary, reversible lesions in human participants
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
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an amplified tracing of the brain activity
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
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combines some of the benefits of both techniques by detecting magnetic changes in the flow of blood to cells in the brain
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functional MRI (FMRI)
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regulates the actions of the body's skeletal muscles
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somatic nervous system
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sustains basic life processes
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autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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governs responses to emergency situations
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sympathetic division
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monitors the routine operation of the body's internal functions
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parasympathetic division
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contains structures that collectively regulate the internal state of the body
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brain stem
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located at the very top of the spinal cord, is the center for breathing, blood pressure, and the beating of the heart
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medulla
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system involved with motivation, emotion, and memory processes
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limbic system
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integrates sensory information, coordinates your movements, and facilitates abstract thinking and reasoning
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cerebrum and the cerebral cortex
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directly above the medulla. provides inputs to other structures in the brain stem and to the cerebellum
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pons
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a dense network of nerve cells that serves as the brain's sentinel
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reticular formation
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channels incoming sensory information to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex, where that information is processed
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thalamus
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attached to the brain stem at the base of the skull...coordinates bodily movements, controls posture, and maintains equilibrium
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cerebellum
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system that mediates motivated behaviors, emotional states, and memory processes
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limbic system
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the largest of the limbic system structures, plays an important role in the acquisition of memories
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hippocampus
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plays a role in emotional control and the formation of emotional memories
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amygdala
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one of the smallest structures in the brain, yet it plays a vital role in many of your most important daily actions
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hypothalamus
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body's internal equilibrium
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homeostasis
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occupys two-thirds of the brains total mass
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cerebrum
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outer surface of the cerebrum, made up of billions of cells in a layer about a tenth of an inch thick
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cerebral cortex
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symmetrical halves of the cerebrum
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cerebral hemispheres
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thick mass of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres
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corpus callosum
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divides each hemisphere vertically
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central sulcus
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divides each hemisphere horizontally
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lateral fissure
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lobe involved in motor control and cognitive activities, such as planning, making decisions, and setting goals
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frontal lobe
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lobe responsible for the processes of hearing
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parietal lobe
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lobe that is the final destination for visual information
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occipital lobe
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lobe responsible for the processes of hearing
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temporal lobe
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controls body's 600 voluntary muscles
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motor cortex
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processes information about temperature, touch, body position, and pain
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somatosensory cortex
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cortex where processes such as planning and decision making are believed to occur
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association cortex
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function where one cerebral hemisphere plays the primary role in accomplinshing that function
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lateralized
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processes information bit by bit
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analytical
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processes information with respect to global patterns
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holistic
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a network of glands that manufacture and secrete chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream
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endocrine system
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the "master gland". produces about ten different kinds of hormones that influence the secretions of all the other endocrine glands, as well as a hormone that influences growth
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pituitary gland
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stimulates production of sperm
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testosterone
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essential to the hormonal chain reaction that triggers the release of ova from a woman's ovaries, making her fertile
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estrogen
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a cell specialized to receive, process, and/or transmit information to other cells within the body
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neuron
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the part of the cell that receives incoming signals; branches
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dentrites
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cell body
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soma
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neurons that carry messages from sense receptor cells toward the central nervous system
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sensory neurons
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neurons that carry messages away from the central nervous system toward the muscles and glands
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motor neurons
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the bulk of neurons in the brain are this...which relay messages from sensory neurons to other interneurons or to motor neurons
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interneurons
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they hold neurons in place
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glia
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fire
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excitatory
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dont fire
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inhibitory
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excitable portions of the cell membrane that selectively permit certain ions to flow in and out
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ion channels
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the size of the action potential is unaffected by increases in the intensity of stimulation beyond the threshold level
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all-or-none law
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refratory period where further stimulation, no matter how intense, cannot cause another action potential to be generated
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absolute refractory period
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refractory period where the neuron will fire only in response to a timulus stronger than what is ordinarily necessary
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relative refractory period
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the terminal button of the sending neuron
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presynaptic membrane
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the surface of a dendrite or soma of a receiving neuron
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postsynaptic membrane
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biochemical substances that stimulate other neurons
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neurotransmitters
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any substance that modifies or modulates the activities of the postsynaptic neuron
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neuromodulator
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changes in the performance of the brain
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plasticity
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the production of new brain cells from naturally occurring stem cells
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neurogenesis
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