Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an organic compound?
|
carbon-based molecules
|
|
What are hydrocarbon?
|
compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
|
|
What is carbon skeleton?
|
chain of carbon atoms in an organism's molecule
|
|
What are isomers?
|
- compound with the same formula, but different structural arrangements
- result from different arrangements of the 4 partners bonded to a carbon atom |
|
What are functional groups?
|
specific configuration of atoms commonly attached tot he carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions
|
|
What is hydrophillic?
|
- water loving
- pertaining to polar or charged molecules that are water soluble |
|
What is a hydroxyl group?
|
consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton
|
|
What are carbonyl groups?
|
carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom.
|
|
What is carboxyl group?
|
- carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
- acts as an acid by contributing an H+ to a solution and thus becoming ionized. |
|
What is an amino group?
|
- nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen and the carbon skeleton
- acts as a base by picking up an H+ from a solution |
|
What is a phosphate group?
|
- phosphorous atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms
- usually ionized and attached tot he carbon skeleton by 1 of its oxygen atoms |
|
What is a methyl group?
|
- carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen
- affects the expression of genes |
|
What are the chemical groups that don't contain carbon?
|
hydroxyl and aminos and phosphate groups
|
|
What are macromolecules?
|
giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction; protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid
|
|
What are polymers?
|
large molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together.
|
|
What are monomers?
|
building blocks of polymers
|
|
What is a dehydration reaction?
|
- cells link together to form polymers
- removes a molecule of water |
|
What is hydrolysis?
|
- chemical reaction that breaks bonds between molecules by the addition of water
- process by which polymers are broken down and an essential part of digestion |
|
What are enzymes?
|
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reaction in cells
|
|
What is a carbohydrate?
|
class of molecules ranging from small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides such as starch molecules in pasta and potatoes
|
|
What are monosaccharides?
|
- carbohydrate monomers
- simplest carbohydrate - simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O - monomers of disaccharides and polysaccharides |
|
What is a disaccharide?
|
sugar molecule consisting of 2 monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction.
|
|
What are polysaccharides?
|
- macromolecules
- carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides linked by dehyrdration reaction. |
|
What is starch?
|
- storage polysaccharide in plants
- polymer of glucose |
|
What is glycogen?
|
- extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle cells
- animal equivalent of starch |
|
What is cellulose?
|
- most abundant organic compound on Earth
- structural polysaccharide of plant walls composed of glucose monomers - cellulose molecules are linked into cable-like fibrils |
|
What is chitin?
|
structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods
|
|
What does hydrophobic mean?
|
- water fearing
- pertaining to nonpolar colecules that don't dissolve in H2O |
|
What is unsaturated fatty acid?
|
- fatty acid that has 1 or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbons tail and thus lacks the max number of hydrogen atoms
- unsaturated fats and fatty acids don't solidify at room temperature |
|
What are saturated fatty acids?
|
- fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds and the max number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton
- solidify at room temperature |
|
What are fats?
|
- lipid composed of 3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol molecule; a triglyceride.
- most function as energy-storage molecules |
|
What are trans fats?
|
unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of vegetable oils, which is linked to health risks
|
|
What are phospholipids?
|
- lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and phosphate group, giving to the molecule 2 nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophillic head
- form bilayers that function as biological membrane |
|
What are steroids?
|
- lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached
EX: cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen |
|
What is cholesterol?
|
steroid that is an important component of animal cell membranes and that act as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroid, such as hormones
|
|
What are anabolic steroids?
|
synthetic variant of the male hormone, testosterone, that mimics some of its effects.
|
|
What is protein?
|
functional biological molecule consisting of 1 or more polypeptides folded into a specific 3D structure.
|
|
What are amino acids?
|
- organic molecules containing a carboxyl group and an amino acids group
- serves as the monomers of proteins |
|
What is a peptide bond?
|
- covalent bond between 2 amino acid units in a polypeptide
- formed by a dehydration reaction |
|
What is a polypeptide?
|
polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
|
|
in both cases, the monomers are joined by a dehydration reaction
|
In what ways is the production of dipeptide similar to the production of a disaccharide?
|
|
What is denaturation?
|
- process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function
- can be caused by change in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature - refers to the separation of the 2 strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors |
|
Why does denatured protein no longer function normally?
|
the function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape which is lost when a protein denatures.
|
|
What is a primary structure?
|
- 1st level of protein structure
- specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain |
|
What is a secondary structure?
|
- 2nd level of protein structure
- regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain. |
|
What is a tertiary structure?
|
- 3rd level of protein structure
- overall 3D shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain |
|
What is a quaternary structure?
|
-4th level of protein structure
- shape resulting from the association of 2 or more polypeptide subunits. |
|
What is a gene?
|
- discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
= or RNA in some cases - most of the genes of a Eukaryote are located in its chromosonal DNA = few are carried by the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts |
|
What is DNA?
|
- double strand helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosme, guanine, and thymine
- capable of replicating - organisms genetic material |
|
What are nucleic acids?
|
- polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers
- serves as a blueprint for proteins, for all cellular structures and activities - 2 types; DNA and RNA |
|
What is ribonucleic acid?
|
- type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogeneous bases adenine, cystosine, guanine, and uracil
- usually single stranded - functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses |
|
hereditary material of DNA contains the instructions for the structure of polypeptides. RNA is the intermediary that conveys those functions to the protein-making machinery that assembles amino acids in designated order
|
How are the 2 types of nucleic acids functionally related?
|
|
What are nucleotides?
|
building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and 1 or more phosphate groups
|
|
What are double helix?
|
- form of native DNA
- referring to its 2 adjacent polynucleotide strands interwound into a spiral shape |
|
- complementary base pairing makes possible the precise replication of DNA, ensuring that genetic info is faithfully transmitted every time a cell divides
- ensures that RNA molecules carry accurate instructions for the synthesis of proteins. |
What roles do complementary base pairing pairing play in the functioning of nucleic acids?
|
|
- lactose, milk, sugar is a carbohydrate that is hydrolyzed by the enzyme lactase, a protein
- ability to make this enzyme and the regulation of when it is made is coded for in DNA, a nucleic acid. |
How does lactose intolerance involve three of the four major classes of biological macromolecules?
|