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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A thin sheet of connective tissue that extends from the stomach to the liver
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Lesser Omentum, a ventral messentary
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How many deciduous teeth are formed?
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20 deciduous teeth
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What is another word for swallowing?
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degluttination
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What are the four regions of the stomach?
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Cardiac, Fundus, Corpus (the body), and Pylorus (pyloric)
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What is the function of bile?
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to emulsify fat
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What is the function of CCK?
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To stimulate the pancreas and gallbladder when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine. This stimulation allows for bile secretion in the small intestine to aid in the emulsification of fat
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Which glands produce a bicarbonate-rich mucus that neutralizes stomach acid and shields the mucosa form its erosive effects
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Brunner Glands
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Where does the digestion of proteins begin? and by what enzyme?
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Protein digestion begins in the stomach enzymes called proteases (peptidases)
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What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
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Salivary glands
Teeth Gall Bladder Pancreas Liver |
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What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Name the muscles involved in mastication and what there function is
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The medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid and masseters - produce side to side grinding
Massester and Temporalis - produce up and down crushing The toungue, buccinator, and orbicularis oris muscles push food between the teeth |
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Where is the tongue located?
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The oral cavity and the oropharynx
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What are the characteristics of the tongue's surface?
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- The tongue is covered with nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelium.
- Lingual Papillae (bumps and projections) which are the site of taste buds |
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How many teeth are usually in the adult mouth and what are there characteristics?
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16 teeth in the mandible and 16 in the maxilla
from the midline to the rear - 2 incisors, a canine and 2 premolars and up to 3 molars |
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How are Teeth embedded into the mouth? What is the joint called?
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The tooth socket is call an alveolus and the koint is called gomphosis and is unique because it is between a tooth and bone and not two bones
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A hard yellowish tissue that makes up most of a tooth and covers both the crown and the root.
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Dentin
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What is enamel?
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it covers the tooth in the crown and neck
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What covers the tooth in the root?
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Cementum, a living connective tissue
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What is pulp?
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a mass of loose connective tissue, blood, and lymphatic vessels and nerves
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When do deciduous teeth erupt?
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from the age of 6-30 months
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At what age do permanent teeth erupt?
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between 6-25 years of age.
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What enables permanent teeth to errupt?
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As a permanent tooth growns below a deciduous tooth, the root of the deciduous tooth dissolves and the tooth falls out to make room for the new one.
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What is purpose of saliva?
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- moistens mouth
- digests a small amount of starch and fat - cleanses teeth - inhibits bacterial growth - dissolves molecules so they can stimulate taste buds - moistens food and binds particles to aid in swallowing |
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What does saliva consist of?
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it is a hypotonic solution that is 97-99.5% water and 3-.5% solutes (salivary amylase, lingual lipase, mucus, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, electrolytes)
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Which enzyme begins starch digestion in the mouth?
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salivary amylase
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what is lingual lipase?
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it is an enzyme that is activated by stomach acid and digests fat after the food is swallowed
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What binds and lubricates the food mass and aids in swallowing?
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mucus
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what enzyme aids in killing bacteria?
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lysozyme
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During the gastric phase what does ingested food stimulate?
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- a reflex of the myenteric plexus
- a reflex mediated via vagus nerves and brainstem - and increase in the pH of stomach contents |
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aWhat are intrinsic salivary glands?
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indefinite number of small glands dispersed amid the other oral tissues.
- lingual glands - tongue - labial glands |
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What are extrinsic salivary glands?
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there are three pairs of larger, more discrete organs located outside the oral mucosa and they communicate with the oral cavity through ducts
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What is the parotid gland?
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extrinsic gland located beneath the skin, anterior to the earlobe. Mumps is an inflamation and swelling of the parotid gland caused by a virus
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what is the submandibular gland?
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An extrinsic gland located halfway along the body of the mandible. It's duct empties into the mouth at the papilla on the side of the lingual frenulum, near the lower incisors
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What is the sublingual gland?
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An extrinsic gland located on the floor of the mouth. It has multiple ducts that empty into the mouth posterior to the papilla of the submandibular duct
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How much saliva do the extrinsic salivary glands secrete daily?
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1-1.5 L of saliva a day
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What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?
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prevents stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus, this protects the esophagus from the erosive effects of stomach acid
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What is Heartburn?
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Heartburn has nothing to do with the heart, it is the burning sensation produced by acid reflux into the esophagus
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How many phases does swallowing occur?
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two phases
buccal phase - voluntary control in which the tongue collects food, presses it against the palate to form a bolus and pushes is posteriorly The pharyngo-esophageal phase- takes places after the food enters the laryngopharynx. It is the voluntary phase of swallowing |
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What is peristalsis?
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A wave of muscular contraction
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What is chyme?
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a soupy or pasty mixture of semidigested food
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What is the swallowing center?
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A pair of nuclei in the medulla oblongata that coordinates more than 22 muscles in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus
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What are gastric rugae? what is their purpose?
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When the stomach is not full he mucosa and submucosa form longitudinal wrinkles called gastric rugae
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the muscularis externa has how many layers? what are they called?
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3 layers, rather than 2
-outer longitudinal -middle circular -inner oblique |
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Which cells of the gastric mucosa secrete rennin?
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Chief cells of the gastric mucosa
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What does gastrin stimulate?
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pepsinogen and HCl production
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What would the arrival of chyme containing mixture of fats,carbohydrates, and proteins into the duodenum over a period of time do?
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it would cause an increase in secretin from the duodenum
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What are zymogens?
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-they are only secreted into the lumen
-inactive proteins that are converted into digestie enzymes by the removal of some of their amino acids |
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What do chief cells in the stomach secrete that digest protein?
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the chief cells secrete a zymogen called pepsinogen and hydrocholic acid removes some of it's amino acids and converts it to pepsin
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True or False,
Both pancreatic juice and bile are secreted into the duodenum |
TRUE
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True or False,
Enamel is found in the corwn of a tooth, where as dentin is part of both the crown and root |
TRUE
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Which lipase digests the most fat?
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Pancreatic Lipase
- Gastric Lipase and lingual lipase digest 10-15% of fat |
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What is absorption?
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the physiological process that moves nutrients from outside to inside of the body
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What must be digested to be absorbed?
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Proteins must be digested to be absorbed
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What normally prevents acid reflux?
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The lower esophageal sphincter
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What cells secrete HCl?
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Parietal Cells
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What enzyme is not found in saliva?
protease, lipase, or salivary amylase? |
Protease is not found in saliva, protein digestion does not begin until food enters the stomach
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What is secretin?
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A hormone
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What is Pepsin?
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An enzyme
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The _____ synthesizes bile salts by metabolizing ______
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Liver, Cholesterol
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True or False,
Enterokinase is secreted from the duodenum |
TRUE
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What functions at the lowest pH?
Salivary amylase, lingual lipase, or pepsin? |
Pepsin functions at the lowest pH because it digests proteins in the stomach, which is very acidic
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What does peptidases break down?
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Proteins
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What is the function of Cholecystokinin (CKK)?
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1. stimulates gallbladder contractions
2. Promotes secretion of pancreatic enzymes 3. Induces movement of the bile into the common bile duct 4. causes the hepatic sphincter to relax |
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Where is the Falciform Ligament found?
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The liver
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What do brunner glands produce?
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A bicarbonate-rich mucus, which neutralizes stomach acid
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If an older person is having diarrhea and gas when they try to drink much milk, what is the cause?
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they are not producing Lactase. Humans over 4 stop producing lactase
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Name the enzymes that digest proteins in the small intestine
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1. Aminopeptidase
2. Depeptidase 3. Carboxyl Peptidase |
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What is the gastric secretion that break proteins down into smaller chains?
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Pepsin
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What is the brush border enzyme that completes polypeptide digestion?
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carboxylpeptidase
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Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?
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The stomach
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Which of the following enzymes acts in the stomach?
a)chymotrypsin b)lingual lipase c)carboxypeptidase d)enterokinase e)dextrinase |
Lingual Lipase
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Which of the following Enzymes does not digest any nutrients?
a) chymotrypsin b) lingual lipase c) carboxylpeptidase d) enterokinase d) dextrinase |
Enterokinase
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which of the following is not an enzyme?
a) Chymotrypsin b) Enterokinase c) Secretin d) Pepsin e) Nucleosidase |
secretin
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Secretin is a
a) zymogen b) nutrient c) emulisifier d) neurotransmitter e) hormone |
Hormone
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The Lacteals absorb
a) chlyomicrons b) micelles c) emulsification droplets d) amino acid e) monosaccharides |
chlyomicrons
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All of the following contribute to the absorptive surface area of the small intestine except
a) its length b) the brush border c) haustra d) circular folds e) villi |
Haustra
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which of the following is a periodontal tissue?
a) the gingiva b) the enamel c) cementum d) the pulp e) the dentin |
The gingiva
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Anatomically the _____ of the stomach most closely resemble the ____ of the small intestine.
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Gastric Pits, Intestinal Crypts
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Which of the following cells secrete digestive enzymes?
a) chief cells b) moucus neck cells c) parietal cells d) goblet cells e) enteroendocrine cells |
Chief cells
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What phase of gastric regulation includes inhibition by the enterogastric reflex?
a) the intestinal phase b) the gastric phase c) the buccal phase d) the cephalic phase e) the pharyngo-esophageal phase |
the intestinal phase
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The cusps are a feature of the ____surfaces of the molars and premolars
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occlusal
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the acidity of the stomach halts the action of ____ but promotes the actions of ____, both of which are salivary enzymes
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salivary amylase, salivary lipase
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the ___ salivary gland is named for its proximity to the ear
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Parotid
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The submucosal and myenteric plexuses collectively constitute the ____nervous system
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enteric
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Nervous stimulation of the gastrointestinal activity is mediated mainly through the parasympathetic fibers of the ____ nerves
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Vagus
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Food in the stomach causes G cells to secrete ____, which in turn stimulates the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen
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gastrin
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Hepatic microphages occur in blood-filled spaces of the liver called
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sinusoids
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The brush border enzyme that finished the job of starch digestion, producing glucose, is called ____. Its substrate is ____
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Maltase, maltose
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