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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How are plant cells different from animal cells?
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cell wall, chloroplasts and large central vacuole.
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What is parenchyma?
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most abundant type of plant cell, spherical with thin, flexible cell walls.
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What are the two main functions of parenchyma?
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storage and food production
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How do you identify the parenchyma cells?
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thin, flexible cell walls, comes in many shapes
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How do you identify collenchyma cells?
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uneven thickness of cell wall. Tubelike strands (celery) or cylinders. FIBER
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How do you identify sclerenchyma cells?
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very thick and rigid, often dead. WOOD
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What are collenchyma cells?
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longs cells with uneven, thick cell walls that allow cells to grow.
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What are sclerenchyma cells?
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very thick, rigid cells that often die but remain intact to provide support for the plant.
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What are two common types of sclerenchyma cells?
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FIBERS-long, think cells that form strands (rope) and SCLERIDS-irregular shaped, found in clusters, gritty teture of pears and part of peach pits.
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What is the epidermis?
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flattened cells that cover all parts of the plant, like skin. Epidermal cells produce a waxy cuticle that helps prevent water loss.
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What are stomata?
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openings in leaf tissue that control the exchange of gases. Stomata are found on stems and leaves.
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That cells control the opening and closing of Stomata?
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Guard cells.
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What function does Stomata have?
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control water loss for the plant
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What are root hairs?
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extensions of individual cells that help the root absorb water and dissolved minerals.
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What are Trichomes?
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hairlike projections that give a stem or leaf a fuzzy appearance. They help reduce water evaporation from a plant.
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What are two types of vascular tissue?
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Xylem and Phloem
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What are the four cells types on Xylem?
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Tracheids: tubular cells, tapered at each end
Vessel elements: tubular cells that transport water, wider and shorter than tracheids fibers: parenchyma: |
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Where in the plant are most new plant cells produced?
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Meristem
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What type of meristem adds length to stems and roots?
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Apical meristem.
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What do lateral meristems do?
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increase stem and root diameter.
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What are the four types of plant tissue?
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Dermal, vascular, ground and meristematic.
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What does dermal tissue do?
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Cover the plant.
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What does vascular tissue do?
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transport water, food and dissolved substances through the plant.
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What do ground tissue do?
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Photosynthesis, storage and secretion.
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What does meristematic tissue do?
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reproduce plant cells.
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What are the three major plant organs?
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stems, roots and leaves.
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What do stems do?
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structural support and contain vascular tissue.
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What do leaves do?
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photosynthesis
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What do roots do?
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anchor plants, absorb water and other dissolved substances.
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What is PHLOEM?
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type of vascular tissue, tubular, carries sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant.
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what are SIEVE TUBE MEMBERS?
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in PHLOEM, the long cylindrical cells, they are alive at maturity.
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What are COMPANION CELLS?
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in PHLOEM, they are next to each SIEVE TUBE MEMBER, a nucleated cell that helps transport sugars.
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What two types of lateral meristems are found in most woody plants?
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VASCULAR CAMBIUM AND CORK CAMBIUM.
vascular cambium produces new xylem and phloem cells. cork cambium produces cells with tough cell walls, like bark. |
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What is the third type of lateral meristem that is found in grasses, corn and other monocots?
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the type that lengthens the part of the stem between the leaves.
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What are the two main types of root systems?
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taproots and fibrous roots.
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What are taproots and give examples.
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single thick structure with smaller branching structure like carrots and beets.
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What type of root does corn have?
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Prop roots, originates above ground and helps support the plants.
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What are serial roots?
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roots that cling to objects like walls
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what are pneumatophores or "knees"
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They are roots that grow upward from the mud and eventually out of the water, like bald cypress trees have.
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What does the root hair do?
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increase the surface area of the root in contact with the soil.
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What does the cortex of the root do?
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transport water and dissolved minerals into the vascular tissues. Can also store food and water.
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What does the endodermis do?
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forms a seal around the root's vascular tissue, the waterproof seal force the water and dissolved minerals to pass through the cells into the root.
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What does the pericycle do?
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the tissue from which lateral roots arise as offshoots of older roots.
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What is the big difference in location of xylem and phloem in monocots and dicots?
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monocot: alternating strands around a central core of parenchyma cells.
Dicots: sylem in a central star-shaped mass and the phloem is found between the points of the star. |
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What does the root cap do?
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cover the tip of the root and protect it.
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What is the difference between green, herbaceous stems and woody stems?
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Green, herbaceous stems are soft, flexible and carry out photosynthesis.
Woody stems are hard, rigid, have cork and vascular cambriums. |
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What are three types of stems that have food storage organs?
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Corms, tubers and rhizomes.
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What is the difference in arrangement of vascular tissue in monocots and dicots?
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Monocots have scattered bundles of vascular tissue in their stems.
Dicots have rings of xylem and phloem. |
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What is the xylem tissue produced by secondary growth called?
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Wood
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What is bark made of?
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phloem cells and cork cambium.
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What carries water and dissolved minerals through stems?
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Xylem
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What carries dissolved sugars, hormones, viruses and other substances through stems?
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Phloem
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What is the movement of sugars in phloem called?
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Translocation
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What is the portion of the plant that stores sugars called?
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the sink
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What is the primary function of leaves in plants?
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photosynthesis
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What is the petiole?
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The stalk which connects the leaves to the stem.
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What is the name of the tissue on the leaf responsible for photosynthesis?
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Mesophyll
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What is the loss of water through the stomata called?
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transpiration
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What are three leaf patterns?
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parallel, netlike and dichotomous.
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What leaf vein pattern do most monocots have?
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parallel
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What are some leaf modifications?
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irritate skin (poison ivy), cactus spikes (reduce water loss and protect from predators), trap insects (pitcher plant), tendrils.
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What group of plant hormones causes cell elongation?
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AUXINS, specifically IAA. This makes plants grow longer. Auxin is NOT transported by vascular system, it moves by active transport.
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What else do auxin do beside make a plant grow tall?
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Can inhibit the grow of side branches, delay fruit formation and the dropping of fruits.
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What are GIBBERELLINS?
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plant hormones that cause plants to grow taller but they ARE TRANSPORTED IN VASCULAR TISSUE. The also increase the rate of seed germination and bud development.
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What do CYTOKININS do?
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stimulate mitosis and cell division.
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What does Ethylene do?
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speeds up ripening of fruit, makes fruit taste sweet.
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What does TROPISM mean?
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plant's response to a stimulus like growing towards the source of light (phototropism).
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What is gravitropism?
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plant growth in response to gravity.
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What is thigmotropism?
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plant growth in response to touch, like coiling a vine around a fence post.
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What does NASTIC MOVEMENT mean?
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plant growth that is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus.
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What is an example of nastic movement?
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Venus fly trap that goes back to original shape, nastic movements are reversible.
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What are some nastic responses caused by?
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changes in cell pressure.
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