Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How does the cardiovascular (CV) system contribute to homeostasis? |
1. Transport blood
2. Deliver materials, oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
3. Homeostasis to carry away waste products |
|
Blood Vessels |
A closed system of tubes that carry blood, the major circulatory route. |
|
Hemodynamics |
The forces involved in circulating the blood through the body. |
|
3 basic functions of blood vessels |
1. Carry blood 2. Thermoregulation 3. Regulate blood pressure |
|
5 main types of blood vessels |
Arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins |
|
Basic anatomy & physiology of a blood vessel. Structure & Function |
Structure: hollow lumen in the center.
Function: carry blood to and from heart. |
|
3 layers of blood vessel |
1. Tunica interna: innermost layer, lines the lumen, has basement membrane and internal elastic lamina as its two sublayers.
2. Tunica media: middle and thickest layer, contains smooth muscle that controls diameter of vessels.
3. Tunica externa: outermost layer, made of elastin and collagen fibers. |
|
Arterioles |
Smaller arteries that supply the capillaries. Have more tunica interna as they get deeper in the tissue. |
|
Anastomoses |
Union of two or more arteries that supply same region |
|
Capillaries & Function |
Microscopic vessels at the deepest layer of tissue. Function is the exchange of nutrients and gasses and wastes. So narrow that only 1-2 RBCs can move through at a time. |
|
Venules |
Small veins coming from the capillaries to the larger veins. Have more tunica externa. |
|
Veins: structure & function |
Function is to carry blood to the heart. Blood is under less pressure in the veins, and 64% of our blood is in veins at any given time. Have 1-way valves and larger lumen. |
|
How does blood move through the veins? |
It depends upon... 1. The one way valves 2. The nearby contracting of skeletal muscles create a pump 3. The pressure change due to breathing can create a respiratory pump 4. Pumping action of the heart |
|
Blood flow |
The volume of blood flowing through the tissue in a given time, also called cardiac output. CO = total blood flow = HR x SV |
|
Blood Pressure |
The pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels. Is highest in the aorta and other large systemic arteries. |
|
Blood Pressure is determined by... |
1. Cardiac output 2. Blood volume (if increased volume then increased pressure) 3. Vascular resistance (is there friction between the blood and the vessel walls / anything impeding flow?) |
|
What is normal BP? |
120/80 or 110/70 |
|
Systolic blood pressure |
Highest pressure attained by arteries during systole (aka contraction) |
|
Diastolic blood pressure |
Lowest pressure during diastole |
|
What is BP measured in? |
mmHg ("millimeters of mercury)
Example: 120/80 = 40mmHg |
|
Where is blood measured in the body for pressure? With what device? |
Left brachial artery, with a Sphygmomanometer. |
|
Korotkoff sounds |
Sounds you hear while taking blood pressure. |
|
What is Pulse pressure? |
Difference between systolic & diastolic |
|
How are blood pressure and flow controlled? |
Via negative feedback loops |
|
Incoming sensory input comes from? |
1. Baroreceptors (called the carotid sinus reflux and aortic reflex) 2. Chemoreceptors (which measure chemical conditions, such as Hypoxia or Acidosis) 3. Proprioceptors (send muscular information and diameter of vessels) |
|
What are the parts of the cardiac control center? Location? |
Cardioaccelerator center (speeds up heart) & Cardioinhibitory center (slows down the heart) Location: Medulla oblongata. (Brain) |
|
CV center of the __________ evaluates and decides action. |
Medulla oblongata |
|
Outgoing messages from brain create parasympathetic response via...? |
ACH, and cranial nerve #10 |
|
Outgoing messages from brain create sympathetic response via...? |
Cardiac accelerator nerve |
|
Which hormones raise BP? |
1. Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine 3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 4. Angiotension ll 5. Aldosterone |
|
Which hormones lower BP? |
1. Histamine 2. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
|
4 types of shock |
1. Hypovolemic shock 2. Cardiogenic shock 3. Vascular shock 4. Obstructive shock |
|
Hypovolemic shock |
Due to decreased blood volume. Example = hemorrhage or fluid loss (diarrhea, vomiting, diabetes) |
|
Cardiogenic shock |
Due to poor heart function.
Example: myocardial infarction |
|
Obstructive shock |
Obstruction of blood flow Example = pulmonary embolism or clot. |
|
Vascular shock |
Due to inappropriate vasodilation Example = septic shock, and anaphylactic shock. |
|
Hypertension |
High blood pressure, makes the heart work harder, more likely to have kidney damage. |
|
Aneurysm |
Weakened section of an artery or vein bulging out. If ruptured, could have stroke or death. |
|
Venous thrombosis |
Clots in veins. |
|
What is the parasympathetic nervous system? |
The part of the involuntary nervous system that serves to slow the heart rate, increase intestinal and glandular activity, and relax the sphincter muscles. |
|
What is the sympathetic nervous system? |
A part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure. |
|
What are negative feedback loops? |
A process in which a change from the normal range of function elicits a response that opposes or resists that change. |