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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Scientific Method |
Requires usage of scientific attitudes, which include skepticism, curiosity, and open-mindedness |
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Steps in the scientific process |
Identify, Gather information and Form a hypothesis, Test, Analyze and Report, Build a network |
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Hypothesis |
A scientific prediction that takes an “If-Then” statement |
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Theory |
A formal statement that explains how and why certain events are related |
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Hindsight |
After the fact |
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Prediction, Control, and Theory Buildings |
Observed empirically, which are built upon theories |
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Variable |
Characteristics that vary |
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Operational Definition |
Defining variables in terms of specific procedures |
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Conceptual Variable |
Using the levels of analysis to study an operational definition |
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Self-Reports |
Depends on the willingness of a participant |
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Social Desirability Bias |
One reports in a socially acceptable manner |
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Reliable Observations Include |
Consistency |
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Archival Measures |
Determining hypotheses and theories based on archives |
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Psychological Tests Are.... |
Ambiguous |
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Physiological Responses Can Be... |
misinterpreted |
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Neuroscience |
The study of the localization of function |
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Descriptive Research |
Identification and description of human and animal behaviour |
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Case Study |
In-depth analysis of a single event |
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Measurement Bias |
Biases based on researcher biases and subjective thoughts |
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Naturalistic Observation |
As it occurs in a natural setting |
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Reporter Bias |
Biases due to subjectivity in naturalistic observations |
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Survey Research |
Questionnaires and Interviews to a large set of the population |
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Population |
All the individuals |
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Sample |
A smaller part of the population |
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Stratified sampling |
Choosing people from a subgroup that has been randomly sampled |
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Correlational Research |
Measuring two variables to determine statistical significance |
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Bidirectionality |
Where two variables are confounding; X influences Y or vice versa or both. |
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Spurious |
Not genuine; an unknown variable Z |
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Correlation Coefficient |
Strength and direction between two variables |
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Positive Correlation |
Both variables go up |
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Negative Correlation |
One variable goes up and the other goes down. |
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The Characteristics of Experiments |
Variables are controlled, influence the variables, and control for outside factors |
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Independent Variable |
Factor that is manipulated (The Cause) |
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Dependent Variable |
Measured by the experimenter (Effect) |
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Experimental Group |
Active level of the independent variable |
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Control Group |
Zero-Level of the independent variable |
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Interaction |
The usage if two independent variables to determine the effect on a dependent variable |
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Validity |
How well a procedure actually tests |
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Internal Validity |
Where an experiment supports clear causal conclusions |
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External Validity |
Where the study can be generalized to a larger population |
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Meta-analysis |
Combining the results of numerous studies to test significance |