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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The ____ consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood vessels. |
Cardiovascular System |
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_____ transports various substances, helps regulate several life processes, and affords protection against disease. |
Blood |
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_____ is a connective tissue consisting of plasma in which various cells and cell fragments are suspended. |
Blood (the definition) |
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While plasma is the extracellular fluid within the blood, ______ is the extracellular fluid that directly bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood. |
Interstitial fluid |
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What are the three general functions of blood? |
transportation, regulation, and protection |
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Blood transports _____ (to cells), _____ (to the lungs for exhalation), _____, (from the G.I. Tract to cells), ____, ____, and ____. |
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste |
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Blood regulates ___ through the use of buffers, ____, and the _____ of cells. |
pH, body temperature, water content |
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Chemicals that convert strong acids or bases into weak ones. |
buffers |
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Give some examples of how blood protects us. |
It clots when there is an injury, white blood cells protect against disease through phagocytosis, and blood proteins such as antibodies, interferons, and complement, also help protect against disease. |
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Blood, which is slightly alkaline, is about 38*C (or ____ *F) |
100.4 |
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When blood has a high oxygen content, it is ____ than when it has a lower oxygen content. |
brighter |
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Blood constitutes about 8 percent of the total body weight. The blood volume is 5-6 liters (1.5 G) in an average sized _____ and 4-5 liters ( 1.2 G ) in _______ |
adult male, an adult female |
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A liquid extracellular fluid that contains dissolved substances, and formed elements, which include cells and cell fragments. |
plasma |
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Blood is about ___ percent formed elements and about ____ percent plasma. |
45, 55 |
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99% of the formed elements are _____. |
red blood cells |
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The _____ is formed of White Blood cells and platelets. |
buffy coat |
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Plasma is about ____ % water and ___% solutes, most of which are proteins. |
91.5, 8.5 |
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Proteins that are confined to the blood; they are synthesized mainly by liver cells. |
plasma proteins |
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_____, which are the most plentiful plasma proteins, account for about 54 percent of all plasma proteins. They help maintain proper blood osmotic pressure. |
Albumins |
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____, which compose 38% of plasma proteins, include antibodies, or immunoglobulins. |
Globulins |
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Defensive proteins produced during certain immune responses. |
Antibodies/ immunoglobulins |
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_____ makes up about 7% of plasma proteins and is a key protein in the formation of blood clots. |
Fibrinogen |
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_____, which is the liquid portion of blood, functions as a solvent and suspending medium; absorbs, transports, and releases heat. |
Water |
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The formed elements of the blood include ____, ____, and _____. |
RBC's, WBC's and Platelets |
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What are some examples of WBC's? |
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. |
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RBC's and WBC's are _____, but _____ are cell fragments. |
whole cells, platelets |
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The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC's |
hematocrit |
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The normal range of hematocrit for adult females is about ____ %; for adult males, it is about ____ %. |
38-46; 40-54 |
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____, which is stimulated by the hormone testosterone, stimulates the hormone that stimulates the production of RBC's. |
Erythropoietin |
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_____ is a lower than normal number of RBC's. |
anemia |
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In ____, the percentage of RRBCs is abnormally high, and the hematocrit may be 65% or higher. |
polycythemia |
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Name two risks that can occur if the viscosity of blood is increased. |
increased risk of a stroke, and high blood pressure |
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The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called |
hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis |
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____ becomes the primary site of hemopoiesis in the last three months before birth, and continues as the source of formed elements after birth and throughout life. |
RED BONE MARROW |
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_____ is a highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue. |
Red Bone Marrow |
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Red bone marrow cells contains _____ which are cells that have ability to develop into many different types of cells. |
pluripotent stem cells. |
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As a person ages, blood begins to be made by ____. |
Yellow Bone Marrow |
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____regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular formed elements. |
hemopoietic growth factors |
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____, produced by the kidneys, increases the number of red blood cell precursors. |
Erythropoietin (EPO) |
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A hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes. |
Thrombopoietin |
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small glycoprotein hormones typically produced by cells such as red bone marrow cells and maccrophages, stimulate white blood cell formation |
cytokines |
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Red blood cells contain the oxygen-carrying protein _____ which gives whole blood its red color. |
hemoglobin |
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_____, which are mature red blood cells, are biconcave discs with a simple structure; they lack a nucleus and other organelles and can neither reproduce nor carry on extensive metabolic activities. |
Erythrocytes |
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Cellular oxygen deficiency, called ____, may occur if too little oxygen enters the blood. |
hypoxia |
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Based on the presence or absence of ___, blood is characterized into different blood groups. |
antigens |
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There are at least ___ blood groups, and more that one hundred antigens that can be detected on the surface of red blood cells. |
24 |
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Blood types A, B, AB, and O fall under which blood group? |
ABO blood group |
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The transfer of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream. |
transfusion |
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People with AB blood are sometimes called |
universal recipients |
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People with type O blood are called |
universal donors |
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_____ are distinguished from one another by the shapes of their nuclei and the staining properties of their cytoplasmic granules. |
White Blood Cells |
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White Blood Cells are able to leave the bloodstream by a process termed ______. During this, WBC's roll along the endothelium that forms bloody capillary walls, stick to it, and squeeze between the endothelial cells. |
emigration |
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What are the three main types of lymphocytes? |
B Cells, T Cells, and natural killer cells |
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____ are particularly effective in destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins. |
B Cells |
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_____ attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, and some bacteria, and are responsible for transfusion reactions, allergies, and the rejection of transplanted organs. |
T Cells |
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____ attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain tumor cells. |
Natural killer cells |
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Red Blood Cells outnumber white blood cells about _____. |
700:1 |
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____ is an abnormally low number of white blood cells. |
Leukopenia |
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An increase in the number of WBC's above 10,000 u/L, is a normal, protective response to stresses such as invading microbes, strenuous exercise, anethesia, and surgery. |
Leukocytosis |
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Thrombocytes are _____. They are cell fragments that have a lifespan of 5-9 days. |
platelets |
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____ is a series of responses that stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured. |
Hemostasis |
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____ is the loss of a large amount of blood from the vessels, prevented by hemostasis. |
Hemorrhage |
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The process of platelets contacting and sticking to parts of a damaged blood vessel, such as collagen fibers of the connective tissue underlying the damaged endothelial cells |
platelet adhesion |
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After platelet adhesion, platelets liberate the contents of their vesicles in a phase called _____. Liberated chemicals activate nearby platelets resulting in the decrease of blood flow through the injured vessel. |
platelet release reaction |
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The ____ of blood clotting occurs rapidly, within a matter of seconds if trauma is severe. |
extrinsic pathway |
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Substances that suppress or prevent clotting (are present in the blood) |
anticoagulants |
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A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream is called |
an embolus |