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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a specified unit of mass material 1 degree in temperature |
Specific Heat |
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Quantity of heat absorbed by a substance at the point at which it changes from a liquid to a vapor |
Latent Heat of Vaporization |
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Loss of pressure created by the turbulence of water moving against the interior walls of fire hose, pipes, fittings, and adapters |
Friction Loss |
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Force created by the rapid deceleration of water causing a violent increase in pressure that can be powerful enough to rupture piping or damage fixtures. Generally results from closing a valve or nozzle too quickly |
Water Hammer |
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Stream of water or other water-based extinguishing agent after it leaves the fire hose and nozzle until it reaches the desired point |
Fire Stream |
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The minimum flow rate at which extinguishment can be achieved |
Critical Flow Rate |
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Hose stream that stays together as a solid mass, produced by a smooth bore nozzle and should not be confused with a straight stream |
Solid Stream |
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A nozzle with a straight, smooth tip, designed to produce a solid fire stream |
Smooth Bore Nozzle |
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Velocity pressure at which water is discharged from the nozzle |
Nozzle Pressure |
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Fire stream of finely divided particles used for fire control |
Fog Stream |
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An adjustable pattern nozzle equipped with a shutoff control device |
Fog Nozzle |
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Semi-solid stream that is produced by a fog nozzle |
Straight Stream |
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Stream of water that has been broken into coarsely divided drops |
Broken Stream |
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Large caliber water stream usually supplied by combining two or more hoselines into a manifold device or by fixed piping that delivers 350 gallons per minute or more |
Master Stream |
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Valve having a ball-shaped internal component with a hole through its center that permits water to flow through when aligned with the waterway |
Ball Valve |
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Counter force directed against a person holding a nozzle or a device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged |
Nozzle Reaction |
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An adjustable-pattern fog nozzle in which the rated discharge is delivered at a designated nozzle pressure and nozzle setting |
Basic Fog Nozzle |
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An adjustable-pattern fog nozzle in which the pressure remains relatively constant through a range of discharge rates |
Constant Pressure (automatic) Fog Nozzle |
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An adjustable pattern fog nozzle that discharges a constant discharge rate throughout the range of patterns at a designed nozzle pressure |
Constant Gallonage Fog Nozzle |
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A constant discharge rate fog nozzle with a feature that allows manual adjustment of the orifice to affect a predetermined discharge rate while the nozzle is flowing |
Constant/Select Gallonage Fog Nozzle |
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Extinguishing agent formed by mixing a foam concentrate with water and aerating the solution for expansion; for use on Class A and Class B fires |
Foam |
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Works by forming a blanket on the surface of burning fuels- both liquid and solid |
How Foam generally works |
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Separating, Cooling, Smothering, and Penetrating |
How Foam extinguishes and/or prevents ignition |
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Chemical compound solution that is mixed with water and air to produce finished foam; may be protein, synthetic, aqueous film forming, high expansion, or alcohol types |
Foam Concentrate |
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Device that introduces foam concentrate into the water stream to make the foam solution |
Foam Proportioner |
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Mixture of foam concentrate and water before the introduction of air |
Foam Solution |
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Completed product after air is introduced into the foam solution |
Finished Foam |
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Result of adding air to a foam solution consisting of water and foam concentrate. Expansion creates foam bubbles that result in finished foam or foam blanket |
Foam Expansion |
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Low-expansion Foam, Medium-expansion Foam, and High-expansion Foam |
Three classifications of Foam |
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Has an air/solution ratio up to 20 parts finished foam for every part of foam solution (20 to 1) Effective for controlling and extinguishing most Class B fires. Also effective for cooling and penetrating Class A fires |
Low-expansion Foam |
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Has an air/solution ratio between 20 to 1 to 200 to 1 through hydraulically operated nozzle-style delivery devices. Used to suppress vapors from hazardous materials spills when applied at expansion ratios of 30 to 1 and 55 to 1 |
Medium-expansion Foam |
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Synthetic foaming agents created by foam generators at ratios from 200 to 1 to 1000 to 1. Typically used in confined spaces such as shipboard compartments, basements, mines, and enclosed aircraft hangers |
High-expansion Foam |
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Hydrocarbon based surfactants, are essentially wetting agents that reduce the surface tension of water and allow it to soak into combustible materials more easily than plain water |
Class A Foam |
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Chemical that lowers the surface tension of a liquid; allows water to spread more rapidly over the surface of Class A fuels and penetrate organic fuels |
Surfactant |
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Force minimizing a liquid surface's area. The effect of a surfactant on the water/concentration solution; allows the water to spread more rapidly over the surface of Class A fuels and penetrate organic fuels |
Surface Tension |
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Used to prevent the ignition of or to extinguish fires involving flammable and combustible liquids. Also used to suppress vapors from unignited spills of these liquids |
Class B Foam |
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Hydrocarbon Fuels- crude oil, fuel oil, gasoline, benzene, naptha, jet fuel, & kerosene Polar Solvents- alcohols, acetone, lacquer thinner, ketones, esters, acids |
Types of liquid fuels that Class B Foam is effective on |
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Synthetic foam concentrate that, when combined with water, can form a complete barrier over fuel spills and fires and is a highly effective extinguishing and blanketing agent on hydrocarbon fuels |
Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) |
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Foam concentrate that combines the qualities of fluoroprotein foam with those of aqueous film forming foam |
Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP) |
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Having a thick, sticky, adhesive consistency |
Viscous |
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A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
pH |
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Mixing of water with an appropriate amount of foam concentrate to form a foam solution |
Proportioning |
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Eduction, Injection, Batch-mixing, Premixing |
Four basic methods by which foam may be proportioned |
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Process used to mix foam concentrate with water in a nozzle or proportioner; concentrate is drawn into the water stream by the Venturi method |
Eduction AKA Induction |
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Physical law stating that when a fluid, such as water or air, is forced under pressure through a restricted orifice, there is an increase in velocity of the fluid passing through the orifice and a corresponding decrease in the pressure exerted in the sides of the constriction. Because the surrounding fluid is under greater pressure, it is forced into the area of lower pressure |
Venturi Principle AKA Venturi Effect |
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Method of proportioning foam that uses an external pump or head pressure to force foam concentrate into the fire stream at the correct ratio for the flow desired |
Injection |
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Mixing premeasured portions of water and foam concentrate in a container. Typically used with portable extinguishers, wheeled extinguishers, skid mounted twin agent units, and vehicle mounted tank systems |
Premixing |
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Generic term used to describe a high energy foam generating system consisting of a water pump, a foam proportioning system, and an air compressor (or other air source) that injects air into the foam solution before it enters a hoseline |
Compressed Air Foam System (CAFS) |
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Eductor that is placed along the length of a hoseline |
In-line Eductor |
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Any nozzle that can be safely handled by one to three firefighters and flows less than 350 gallons per minute |
Handline Nozzle |
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Stream reach is considerably longer Hoselines are lighter Foam produced is very durable Foam produced adheres well to vertical surfaces |
Advantages of CAFS |
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Add expense to the purchase and maintenance of the apparatus Stored energy can create a high nozzle reaction Additional training is required for firefighters and driver/operators |
Disadvantages of CAFS |
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May be used with AFFF on hydrocarbon fires but should not be used on polar solvents because insufficient aeration occurs to handle the polar solvent fires |
Fog Nozzles |
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The most effective appliance for the generation of low-expansion foam Inducts air into the foam solution using the Venturi Principle |
Air-aspirating Foam Nozzles |
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Uses a solid agent container that is inserted into the specially perforated foam sleeve between the hoseline and an adjustable fog nozzle Each 1 1/2 pound cartridge of solid agent is equal to 5 gallons liquid agent and will treat approximately 660 gallons of water |
Specialized Application System |
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Water-aspirating type nozzle, Mechanical blower generator |
Two basic types of Medium and High Expansion Foam Generators |
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Creates a barrier between the fuel and fire |
Separating |
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Lowers the temperature of the fuel and adjacent surfaces |
Cooling |
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Prevents air from reaching the fuel and mixing with vapors and prevents the release of flammable vapors |
Smothering |
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Lowers the surface tension of water and allows it to penetrate fires in Class A materials |
Penetrating |