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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
endocrine glands secrete _______________ directly into the __________ . |
chemical messengers (hormones), blood stream |
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when hormones reach their target cells, their interaction with these cells.... |
sets in motion specific regulatory responses |
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the endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete make up the |
endocrine system |
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define endocrine system |
system that works in parallel with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis by releasing chemical hormones from various glands |
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homeostasis depends on close relationship between |
nervous system and endocrine system |
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several chemicals function as both neurotransmitters and hormones depending on their location, give an example of this |
epinephrine; acts as a neurotransmitter between certain neurons in the NS and as a hormone released by the adrenal glands in the fight or flight response |
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some nervous system tissues secrete hormones, give 3 examples |
- hypothalamus - pituitary glands - adrenal glands |
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endocrine and nervous systems both include responses that are regulated by |
negative feedback loops |
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major endocrine glands of the body (10) |
1. pineal gland 2. hypothalamus 3. pituitary gland 4. thyroid gland 5. parathyroid gland 6. thymus 7. adrenalgland 8. pancreas 9. ovary 10. testis |
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when hormones encounter their target cell how do they affect them? |
each target cell contains receptor proteins. circulating hormones bind to their specific receptor protein (lock and key fit) |
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hypothalamus secretes |
hypothalamic-releasing-and-inhibiting hormones |
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effects of hypothalamic-releasing-and-inhibiting-hormones |
regulates anterior pituitary hormones |
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anterior pituitary secretes (6) |
1. human growth hormone (hGH) 2. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 3. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 5. luteinizing hormone (LH) 6. prolactin (PRL) |
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effects of human growth hormone (hGH) (3) |
- stimulates cell division - bone and muscle growth - metabolic functions |
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effects ofadrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
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effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
stimulates thyroid gland |
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effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
stimulates production of ova and sperm from the ovaries and testes |
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effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
stimulates sex hormone production from the ovaries and testes |
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effects of prolactin (PRL) |
stimulates milk production from the mammary glands |
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hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary (2) |
1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 2. oxytocin (OCT) |
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effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
promotes the retention of water by kidneys |
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effects of oxytocin (OCT) |
stimulates uterine muscle contractions and release of milk by the mammary glands |
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hormones secreted by the thyroid (2) |
1. thyroxine (T4) 2. calcitonin |
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effects of thyroxine (T4) |
increases metabolic rate and regulates growth and development of all tissues |
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effects of calcitonin |
targets bones and kidneys to lower blood calcium by inhibiting release of calcium from bone and re-absorption of calcium by kidneys |
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hormone secreted by the parathyroid |
parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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effects of PTH (parathyroid hormone) |
raises blood calcium levels by stimulating the bone cells to release calcium, the intestine to absorb calcium from food, and the kidneys to reabsorb calcium |
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hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex (3) |
1. glucocorticoids 2. mineralocorticoids 3. gonadcorticoids |
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effect of glucocorticoids (2) |
- stimulate the tissues to raise blood glucose - break down protein |
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effect of mineralocorticoids |
promote reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys |
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effect of gonadcorticoids |
promote secondary sexual characteristics |
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hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla |
epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine (2) |
- fight or flight hormones - raise blood glucose levels |
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hormones secreted by the pancreas (2) |
1. insulin 2. glucagon |
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effect of insulin (2) |
- lowers blood glucose levels - promotes the formation of glycogen in the liver |
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effect of glucagon |
raises blood glucose levels by converting glycogen to glucose |
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hormones secreted by the ovaries (2) |
1. estrogen 2. progesterone |
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effect of estrogen (2) |
- stimulates uterine lining growth - promotes development of the female secondary sexual characteristics |
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effect of progesterone (2) |
- promotes growth of uterine lining - prevents uterine muscle contractions |
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hormone secreted by testes |
- testosterone |
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effect of testosterone |
promotes sperm formation and development of the male secondary sexual characteristics |
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hormones are composed of either _______ or _____ _____ |
lipids or amino acids |
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water soluble hormones (4) |
epinephrine, hGH, thyroxine, insulin
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can water soluble and amino-acid base hormones diffuse across the cell membrane? |
no |
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lipid-based proteins (3) |
steroids such as estrogen, testosterone, cortisol |
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where do lipid-base hormones bind to their receptor protein and how does it do this? |
inside the cell because it can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer |
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where to water-soluble hormones bind to receptor proteins? |
on the surface of the cell |
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define negative feedback mechanism |
mechanism of homeostatic response by which the output of a system supresses or inhibits activity of the system |
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inability to produce ADH causes |
diabetes insipidus; person produces large volumes of urine with a resulting loss of ions from the blood |
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tropic hormones are |
hormone that targets endocrine glands and stimulates them to release other hormones |
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general mechanism of action of tropic hormones? |
1. hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone into the anterior pituitary 2. causes anterior pituitary to release a tropic hormone into the blood stream 3. tropic hormone the stimulates the target gland to release a thrid hormone 4. this hormone travels to another target tissue and produces an effect |