Chapter 13 - Blood (Anemia)

Front 1

A blood disorder characterized by a dramatic increase in red blood cells?

Back 1

Polycythemia

Front 2

What is an increase blood flow resistance

Back 2

Viscosity

Front 3

High blood pressure can cause dangerous stretching… what is another word for stretching?

Back 3

Distention

Front 4

How do you treat polycythemia?

Back 4

Blood removal

Irradiation of bone marrow

Chemotherapy

Front 5

Name the things that cause anemia?

Back 5

Deficiency in hemoglobin

Inadequate numbers of red blood cells

Hemoglobin production is defective

Front 6

What are the symptoms of anemia?

Back 6

Fatigue (tired all the time)

Weakness

Skin pallor

Headache

Faintness

Front 7

Name the different types of anemia?

Back 7

Hemorrhagic anemia

Aplastic anemia

Deficiency anemia

Pernicious anemia

Folate deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia

Hemolytic anemia

Sickle cell anemia

Thalassemia

Front 8

What cause hemorrhagic anemia?

Back 8

Bleeding (hemorrhaging) causing the RBC levels to get low

Front 9

Name the two types of hemorrhagic anemia?

Back 9

Acute blood loss anemia

Chronic blood loss anemia

Front 10

REd blood cells produced during hemorrhaging are both ______ and _______ in an attempt to restore homeostasis?

Back 10

Macrocytic and hyperchromic

Front 11

Anemia in the bone marrow is called?

Back 11

Aplastic anemia

Front 12

What is the treatment for aplastic anemia?

Back 12

Bone marrow or stem cell transplant

Front 13

Deficiency anemia is characterized by?

Back 13

Reduction in normal hemoglobin

Front 14

What vitamins are necessary for the production of hemoglobin?

Back 14

B12

Iron

Front 15

How is pernicious anemia formed?

Back 15

Deficiency of vitamin B12 from the failure of the stomach lining to produce intrinsic factors

Front 16

What is intrinsic factor?

Back 16

The substance that allows B12 to be absorbed

Front 17

What is the treatment of pernicious anemia?

Back 17

Injection of vitamin B12

Front 18

This anemia is characterized by a deficiency in vitamin B9

Back 18

Folic deficiency anemia

Front 19

What is the most common nutritional deficiency anemia in the world?

Back 19

Iron deficiency anemia

Front 20

This is required for hemoglobin synthesis?

Back 20

Iron

Front 21

Are the cells in iron deficiency anemia macrocytic or microcytic?

Back 21

Microcytic

Front 22

Explain why the hematocrit levels in iron deficiency anemia are low when this anemia blood levels are next to being normal?

Back 22

The size of the red blood cells are small (microcytic)

Front 23

What is hemolytic anemia?

Back 23

A decreased life span of red blood cells caused by the increase rate of destruction

Front 24

The rapid breakdown of hemoglobin may result in a yellow skin pigment which causes skin disease. Name the pigment and the condition?

Back 24

Bilirubin

Jaundice

Front 25

Name the abnormal type of hemoglobin found in sickle cell anemia?

Back 25

Hemoglobin S (HBS) or sickle hemoglobin

Front 26

Which of the polypeptide hemoglobin chains becomes defective to cause sickle cell anemia?

Back 26

One of the beta polypeptide chain

Front 27

What is the shape of a sickle cell?

Back 27

Crescent

Front 28

What is sickle cell trait?

Back 28

A disease caused from receiving one defective gene that produces a small amount of HBS (hemoglobin S)

Front 29

Anemia characterized by a flawed protein synthesis in the red blood cells?

Back 29

Thalassemia

Front 30

Name the two types of thalassemia and describe them?

Back 30

Thalassemia minor - one defective gene that cause mild anemia and minimal RBC changes

Thalassemia major - two defective genes are inherited- a very serious and life threatening hemolytic anemia

Front 31

White blood cells are also called?

Back 31

Leukocytes

Front 32

How are white blood cells characterized?

Back 32

Granular - have stained granules

Agranular - have no stained granules

Front 33

Name the granular leukocytes?

Back 33

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Front 34

Name the Agranular leukocytes?

Back 34

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Front 35

Another name for granular and Agranular leukocytes?

Back 35

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

Front 36

The term used to describe abnormally low white blood cell count?

Back 36

Leukopenia (less than 5000 wbc count)

Front 37

Term used to refer to an abnormally high white blood cell count?

Back 37

Leukocytosis (more than 10,000 wbc)

Front 38

WBC that fights parasites or worms?

Back 38

Eosinophils

Front 39

Which WBC has the most numerous active phagocytes?

Back 39

Neutrophils

Front 40

Which WBC have weak phagocytes?

Back 40

Eosinophils

Front 41

This chemical is released during inflammation reaction?

Back 41

Histamine

Front 42

What is the use of heparin?

Back 42

Prevent blood from clotting

Front 43

Name the chemical and anticoagulant produced by basophils?

Back 43

Histamine

Heparin

Front 44

What does the word anticoagulant mean?

Back 44

Stop the coagulation/viscosity of the blood

Front 45

What is the largest leukocytes?

Back 45

Monocytes

Front 46

What are monocytes that have grown several times their original size?

Back 46

Macrophages

Front 47

Name the types of lymphocytes?

Back 47

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Front 48

What is secreted by B lymphocytes?

Back 48

Plasma protein called antibodies

Front 49

Where in the body do you find T lymphocytes?

Back 49

Thymus

Front 50

Another name for cancer?

Back 50

Neoplasm

Front 51

Name the white blood cell disorders?

Back 51

Multiple myeloma

Leukemia

Infectious mononucleosis

Front 52

This is a cancer of mature, antibody-secreting B lymphocytes?

Back 52

Multiple myeloma

Front 53

Name some of the symptoms of multiple myeloma?

Back 53

Anemia

Bone fracture (skull/vertebrae/skeletal structure)

Recurrent infection

Defective antibodies

Front 54

The term used to describe a number of blood cancers affecting the White blood cells?

Back 54

Leukemia

Front 55

Name the types of leukemia?

Back 55

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia

Front 56

What is CLL?

Back 56

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Front 57

What causes CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia)? What are the symptoms?

Back 57

B lymphocytes are produced in large numbers

Symptoms: increase in infection

Front 58

What age group is likely to acquire chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

Back 58

65 years old but is rare in individuals under 30 years old

Front 59

Leukemia that is found in children between 3-7 years old?

Back 59

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

Front 60

What causes chronic myeloid leukemia?

Back 60

Cancerous transformation of granulocytic (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) precursor cells in the bone marrow

Front 61

Diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia is often made by the following discoveries?

Back 61

Elevated granulocytic WBC

Extreme spleen enlargement

Front 62

Name the drug used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia and state how it works?

Back 62

Gleevec - it blocks the flawed signals of CML

Front 63

What cause acute myeloid leukemia?

Back 63

The myeloid stem cells not forming properly (the pathological transformation)

Front 64

What virus cause infectious mononucleosis?

Back 64

Epstein-Barr Virus

Front 65

How is mono spread?

Back 65

Kissing

Sharing straw, toothbrush or utensils

Front 66

What are the symptoms of mononucleosis?

Back 66

Leukocytosis

Atypical lymphocytes

Fever

Sore throat

Rash

Front 67

What are tiny cell fragments that causes a blood cloth?

Back 67

Platelets

Front 68

What is the process of how bleeding is stopped when an injury occurs?

Back 68

Hemostasis

Front 69

What do physicians prescribe vitamin K before surgery?

Back 69

To make sure that the patient blood clots fast enough to prevent hemorrhage

Front 70

State the process of how blood clots

Back 70

Vessel vasoconstrict

Prothrombin is activated (already in the plasma)

Spot becomes rough because of collagen - this attracts platelets to to the site that becomes sticky forming a temporary platelet plug

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin

Thrombin reacts to with fibrinogen which change to a fibrous gel fibrin

Front 71

A clot that stay in place is called a?

Back 71

Thrombus

Front 72

What condition is developed from a thrombus?

Back 72

Thrombosis

Front 73

A dislodged clot that circulates through the blood stream is called?

Back 73

An embolus

Front 74

What condition is formed from an embolus?

Back 74

Embolism

Front 75

A clot fragment that lodges in the lung is called?

Back 75

Pulmonary embolism

Front 76

Name the drugs used for clot-induced strokes, heart attacks etc?

Back 76

Streptokinase and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator

Front 77

This drug is an anticoagulant that decreases the bloods ability to clot

Back 77

Coumadin

Front 78

This drug prevents prothrombin to form thrombin

Back 78

Heparin

Front 79

What is the most widely used anticoagulant?

Back 79

Aspirin

Front 80

What is thrombocytopenia?

Back 80

A clotting disorder resulting from a decrease in the platelet count

Front 81

How is thrombocytopenia characterized?

Back 81

Bleeding from many small blood vessels throughout the body mostly visible as purpura

Front 82

What is purpura?

Back 82

Purple splotches in the skin and mucous membranes-

Front 83

Name the anticoagulants and what they are used for

Back 83

Coumadin- inhibit the synthesis of prothrombin

Heparin - stops prothrombin from forming thrombin

Aspirin - inhibits the formation of the platelet plugs and emboli

Front 84

This lab test is used to regulate the dosage of anticoagulants?

Back 84

Prothrombin time

International normalized ratio

Front 85

Name the clotting disorders?

Back 85

Thrombocytopenia

Hemophilia

Front 86

What is hemophilia?

Back 86

A bleeding disorder that results from the failure to produce one or more plasma proteins responsible for blood clotting

Front 87

Name the clotting factor that is absent in a hemophiliac and state what it is used for?

Back 87

Factor VIII

Used to form prothrombin activator

Front 88

Name the most common symptoms of hemophilia?

Back 88

Easy bruising

Nose bleeds

Blood in the urine

Deep muscle hemorrhage

Front 89

Where do you find vitamin k in the body and how is it produced?

Back 89

Produced by bacteria living in the intestines and absorbed in the bloodstream

Found in the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract