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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Germinal Stage
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-first two weeks after conception
-placenta forms |
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Embryonic Stage
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-two weeks to two months
-vital organs and bodily systems form |
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Fetal Stage
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-two months to birth
-muscles and bones begin to form |
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Development
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physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the life span
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Longitudianl Study
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observe one group over a period of time
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Cross-Sectional Study
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compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point of time
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Teratogen
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-chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause harm
-irradiation -rubella -cortisone -alcohol |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrom
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-problems occuring from excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
-small head -heart defects -hyperactive -delayed mental and motor development |
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Visual Cliff
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-psychological apparatus for studying depth perception
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Method of "Children of Kauai" study
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-longitudinal study
-73 children tested repeatedly from birth to age 46 |
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Findings of "Children of Kauai" study
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-1/3 of children functioned normally by age 10
-stable families -good support systems -remedial training, health care |
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Plasticity
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-brain circuity is "filled in" after birth
-more stimulating environment -better fucnctioning brain tissue -better recovery after brain injury |
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Developmental Norms
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-indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
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Cephalocaudal Trend
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-principle of motor development
-head to foot motor development -crawling |
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Proximodistal Trend
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-principle of motor development
-center outward motor development -reach for things by twisting body, learn to just extend arms |
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Assimilation
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-interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures w/out changing them
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Accommodation
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-involves changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences
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Sensorimotor Period
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-birth to age 2
-cooridinate sensory input with their motor actions -pleasurable responses and perform over and over |
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Object Permanence
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recognize the object continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
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Preoperational Period
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-2 to 7
-water example |
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Egocentrism
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limited ability to share another's viewpoint
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Conservation
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awareness that physical quanitites remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or apperance
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Centration
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focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
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Reversibility
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ability to envision reversing an action
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Concrete Operations Period
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-7 to 11
-children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events -reversibility and decentration |
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Formal Operatoinal Period
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-11 onward
-children begin to apply operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects |
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Preconventional Moral Reasoning
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-external authority
-acts are wrong because they are punished or right because they lead to positive outcomes |
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Conventional Moral Reasoning
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-see rules as necessary for maintaining social order
-win approval from others -rules are absolute guidelines that should be enforced rigidly |
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Postconventional Moral Reasoning
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-working out a personal code of ethics
-flexibility -might not follow society rules if conflict with personal ethics |
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Attachment
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close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and caregivers
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What affects the type of attachment that emerges between an infant and its mother?
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mothers are associated with the powerful, reinforcing event of being fed
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Characteristics of Secure Attachment
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play comfortable with their mother around but become upset when she leaves and quickly calmed by her return
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Anxious or Resistant Attachment
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-appear anxious when mother is near and protest when she leaves, not very comforted when she returns
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Avoidant Attachment
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seek little contact with mother and are not distressed when she leaves
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Disorganized-Disorientated Attachment
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appear confused about whether they should approach or avoid their mother and are very insecure
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Long Term Consequences of Secure Attachment
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-resilent
-competent -high self esteem -more postive emotions |
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Temperament
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characteristc mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
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Easy Temperament
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-less restrained
-approach strangers, objects without any worry |
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Inhibited Temperament
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-shy
-timid -wary of strange things |
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Difficult
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-high anxiety
-aggressive -ANNOYING |
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How can researchers use habituation, automatic reflexes and physiological changes to study infant abilities?
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can look at brain wave/heart waves
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Increased heart rate
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alarmed or frightened
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Decreased Heart Rate
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not alarmed
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What emotions are found in babies?
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-interest
-disgust -distress -contentment -anger -sadness -surprise -fear |
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What emotions are found in older children
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-embarrassment
-guilt -shame |
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Ability to Discriminate Patterns Measure
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infants at 3 months old can make the distinction btwn new and old
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Ability to Learn and Remember Measure
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-readily learn connections between events and own actions
-recall this connection later -remember events as sequences of actions with beginnings, ends |
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Maternal Nutrition during Pregnancy
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-schizophrenia
-low birth weight -increased risk of heart disease -diabetes |
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Illness During Pregnancy
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-depends when the mother contracts the illness
-measles -rubella -syphilis -chicken pox |
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Tobacco During Pregnancy
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-reduces flow of oxygen and nutrients to fetus
-increased risk of miscarriage, still birth, prematurity, and other birth complications |
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Heroin Use During Pregnancy
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-born addicited to narcotics
-increased risk of early death -prematurity -birth defects -respiratory difficulties -birth complications |
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Deprivation
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-poor nutrition
-little stimulation |
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Universal Adaptability
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capacity of infants to detect all speech sounds
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Stages of Language Development
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-babbling
-one word stage -two word stage -near adult competence |
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Evidence for Innate Language Capacities
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-teaching has little effect
-adults -- poor tutors and models -children are creative -non-hearing children create own language |
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How does conservation affect moral reasoning?
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-right/wrong
-good/bad -fair/unfair |
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Mature Moral Reasoning
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judgment considers both persons perspectives
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Less Mature Moral Reasoning
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judgment based on viewpoint of just one person
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Early Appearing Abilities
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-express recognizable emotions as newborns
-detect emotional expressions from others |
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Social Referencing
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using other's emotions to define ambiguous situations
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Self-REcognition
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awareness of self as distinct, seperate
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When does self-recognition emerge?
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-18 to 24 months
-the first step in ability to feel complex emotions |
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Cross-Fostering
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assigning infants caregiving to an adult with different genetic makeup
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Antisocial Behavior
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Parenting styles: antisocial more likely when parents are inattentive, neglectful
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Stages of Antisocial Behavior
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Early Childhood:
-poor parental discipline and monitoring -child conduct problems Middle Childhood: -rejection by normal peers -academic failure Late Childhood: -commitment to deviant peer group -delinquency |