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224 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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meninges
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three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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axon
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microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell.
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plexus
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a large, interlacing network of nerves.
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dendrite
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branching fiber that is the first part of a neuron to receive a nervous impulse.
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myelin sheath
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protective fatty tissue that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell.
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cauda equina
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collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.
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oligodendroglia
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glial cell that produces myelin
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cerebral cortex
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outer region of the largest part of the brain; composed of gray matter.
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dura mater
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Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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synapse
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Space between nerve cells or between nerve cells and muscle and glandular cells.
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medulla oblongata
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Lower part of the brain, closest to the spinal cord; controls breathing heartbeat, and size of blood vessels.
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hypothalamus
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Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.
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sensory nerve
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carries messages toward the brain from receptors.
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parenchymal cell
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essential cell of the nervous system; a neuron.
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pia mater
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innermost meningeal membrane.
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gyri
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elevations in the cerebral cortex.
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neurotransmitter
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acetycholine is an example of this chemical released into a synapse.
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subarachnoid space
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contains cerebrospinal fluid.
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intrathecal
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Pertaining to within the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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glioma
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a tumor arising from glial cells.
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myelogram
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Record (x-ray) of the spinal cord.
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subdural hematoma
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Collection of blood in the space below the dura mater surrounding the brain.
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meningioma
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tumor of the meninges.
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paresthesias
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Abnormal nervous sensation occurring without apparent cause. Examples are tingling, numbness or prickling sensations
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bradykinesia
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slow movement
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hyperesthesia
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increased nervous sensation
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narcolepsy
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seizure of sleep
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apraxia
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movements and behavior are not purposeful.
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syncope
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fainting
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causalgia
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burning pain
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ataxia
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no coordination
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hemiparesis
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slight paralysis in half the body.
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multiple sclerosis
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destruction of myelin sheath; replacement by plaques of hard scar tissue.
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epilepsy
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sudden, transient disturbances of brain function marked by seizures.
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myasthenia gravis
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loss of muscle strength; breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.
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Parkinson disease
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Degeneration of nerves in the brain leading to tremors, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness (mask-like facial expression); dopamine is deficient in the brain.
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Alzheimer disease
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deterioration of mental capacity (dementia) beginning in middle age; cerebral cortex atrophy, microscopic neurofibrillary tangles.
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Bell palsy
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Unilateral facial paralysis.
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pyogenic meningitis
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Infectious inflammation infilitration of leptomeninges caused by bacteria.
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Tourett syndrome
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Neurologic disorder characterized by multiple facial and other body tics.
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shingles
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Viral (herpes zoster) illness that affects peripheral nerves; produces blisters and pain on the skin overlying the path of peripheral nerves.
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cerebral embolus
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an obstruction in a cerebral artery by an embolus, usually resulting in transient or permanent impairment of cognitive, motor, or sensory function.
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aura
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Peculiar symptoms appearing before more definite symptons.
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palliative
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relieving but not curing.
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transient ischemic attack
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interruption of blood supply to the cerebrum.
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occlusion
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blockage.
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dopamine
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neurotransmitter.
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glioblastoma multiforme
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malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells.
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Tonic-clonic seizure
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major convulsive epileptic seizure.
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absence seizure
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minor form of epileptic seizure.
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stroma
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the connective and framework tissue of any organ.
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Myelin sheath
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Fatty tissue that surrounds and protects the axon of a nerve cell.
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Cerebrum
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Largest part of the brain.
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Cerebellum
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posterior part of the brain; responsible for maintain balance.
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Astrocyte
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a type of glial cell.
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Acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter chemical released at the end of nerve cell.
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synapse
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the space through which a nerve impulse passes from one nerve cell to another.
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Leptomeningeal
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inflammation of membranes around the brain and spinal cord.
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glioma
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malignant brain tumor
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Bradykinesia
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slow movement.
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Ataxia
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lack of muscle coordinaton
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Anencephaly
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condition of absence of a brain (congenital anomaly)
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Syncopal
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pertaining to fainting
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Meningioma
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benign tumor of the membranes around the brain.
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Hypothalamus
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part of the brain that controls the secretion of the pituitary gland.
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Neurasthenia
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nervous exhaustion; "lack of nerve strength".
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Apraxia
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movements and behavior are not purposeful
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Paraplegia
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paralysis of the lower part of the body.
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Comatose
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state of unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be aroused.
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Gyrus
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elevation on the surface of the cerebral cortex.
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Embolus
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a floating clot; mass of material suddenly blocks a blood vessel.
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Palliative
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relieving symptoms, but not curing.
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Transient ischemic attack
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mini-stroke
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Cerebral angiography
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x-ray record of blood vessels within the brain.
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dementia
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mental decline and deterioration
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Cerebral hemorrhage
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breakage of a blood vessel within the brain.
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Multiple sclerosis
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demyelination of tissue around the axons of CNS neurons
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cerebral palsy
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paralysis and loss of muscular coordination caused by brain damage in the perinatal period.
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spina bifida
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congenital defect of the spinal column with herniation of the spinal cord and meninges.
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Tonic-clonic seizure
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Major convulsive epileptic seizure.
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Glioblastoma multiforme
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malignant brain tumor
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Myasthenia gravis
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relapsing weakness of skeletal muscles ("no muscle strength"); autoimmune condition.
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Hydrocephalus
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collection of fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
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Parkinson disease
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degeneration of nerves in the brain; occuring in later life and leeading to tremors and bradykinesia.
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gait
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manner of walking
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dopamine
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type of neurotransmitter
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Aura
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peculiar sensation appearing before more definite symptoms
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Tourette syndrome
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involuntary, spasmodic twitching movements; uncontrollable utterances.
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Hypothalamus
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Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.
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neurorrhaphy
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surgical suture of a divided nerve.
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motor nerve
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Carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles.
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Myelin sheath
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Fatty, white covering over the axon of a nerve cell.
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Acetylcholine
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Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.
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Meningioma
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Tumor (benign) of the meninges.
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Hyperkinesis
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Excessive movement.
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Neurasthenia
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Lack of strength in nerves; a feeling of weakness and exhaustion.
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Paresis
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Slight paralysis.
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Demyelination
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Destruction of myelin on axons of nerves (as in multiple sclerosis).
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syncopal
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pertaining to fainting
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paresthesia
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abnormal sensation
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palliative
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relieving, but not curing.
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aura
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peculiar symptoms appearing before more definite symptoms
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dementia
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loss of mental capacity.
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intrathecal
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within the meninges
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parenchymal
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essential cells of an organ
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synapse
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space between nerve cells
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cerebellum
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part of the brain that controls nuscular coordination
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gait
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manner of walking
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angiography
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process of recording blood vessels using contrast and x-rays
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encephalopathy
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disease of the brain
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Occlusion
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Blockage or obstruction.
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meningomyelocele
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a protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through a defect in the spinal column
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Syncope
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Fainting; temporary loss of consciousness.
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Dendrite
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Microscopic branching portion of a nerve cell; first part of the nerve cell to receive the nervous impulse.
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Myelogram
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X-ray record (with contrast) of the spinal cord.
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glioma
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a tumor arising from glial cells
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Hyperesthesia
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Excessive sensitivity or feeling, especially of the skin in response to touch or pain.
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Narcolepsy
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Sudden seizures of sleep.
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glial
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pertaining to supportive cells of the nervous system.
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axon
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substance that helps transmit a nervous impulse.
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Acetylcholine
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part of a nerve cell.
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embolism
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obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot or foreign substance.
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plexus
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network of nerve fibers.
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cauda equina
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tail end of the spinal cord.
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meninges
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three membrames surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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synapse
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space between nerve cells.
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Thalamus
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a part of the brain that serves as a relay station for impulses.
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Neurasthenia
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lack of strength in nerves; sense of weakness and exhaustion.
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dysphonia
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difficult speech
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analgesia
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a condition of insensitivity to pain
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hemiparesis
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slight paralysis of the right or left side of the body.
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radiculitis
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inflammation of a spinal nerve root.
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neuropathy
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disease of a nerve.
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vagotomy
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incision of the vagus nerve.
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ataxia
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lack of coordination
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dysesthesia
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condition of painful nervous sensation
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glioblastoma
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tumor of immature brain cells (glia).
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electroencephalography
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Electrical record of the brain.
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Axon
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Microscopic fiber that carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell.
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Cell body
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Part of the nerve cell (neuron) that contains the nucleus.
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cell nucleus
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control center
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dendrites
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Microscopic branching portion of a nerve cell; first part of the nerve cell to receive the nervous impulse.
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myelin sheath
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Fatty, white covering over the axon of a nerve cell.
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synapse
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Space between nerve cells or between nerve cells and muscle and glandular cells.
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thalamus
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main relay center of the brain
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neurotransmitter
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chemical messager released at the end of neurons
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dura mater
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outermost layer of meninges
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cerebrum
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largest part of the brain
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cerebellum
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part of the brain the coordinates muscle movement and maintains balance.
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hypothalamus
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beneath the thalamus; controls appetite, sleep, and the pituitary gland.
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pia mater
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thin, delicate inner membrane of meninges.
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medulla oblongata
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part of the brain the controls respiration, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels
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arachnoid membrane
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middle meningeal membrane; spider-like.
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pons
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lying between the medulla and the rest of the brain; bridge connecting various parts of the brain.
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glial cell
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Astrocyte is an example.
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dendrite
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microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell; first part of the neuron to receive the nervous impulse.
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parenchyma
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essential, distinguishing cells of an organ.
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synapse
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space through which a nervious impulse is transmitted.
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acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter
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central nervous system
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brain and the spinal cord.
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sensory nerve
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carries messages to the brain and spinal cord.
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axon
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microscopic nerve fiber that carries impulse from the cell body along the nerve cell.
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autonomic nervous systems
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sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
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myelin sheath
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fatty tissue surrounding and protecting the axon of a nerve cell.
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cauda equina
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collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.
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ventricles of the brain
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canals in the interior of the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid.
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ganglion
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collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.
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blood-brain barrier
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capillaries that let certain substances enter the brain and keep other substances out of the brain.
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receptor
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organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves within the body; ear and eye are examples.
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stimulus
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any change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
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gyrus
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elevation in the surface of the cerebral cortex.
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sulcus
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depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex.
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plexus
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large, interlacing network of nerves.
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brainstem
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lower portion of the brain connecting the cerebrum with the spinal cord.
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encephal/o
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brain
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kines/o
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movement
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mening/o
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membranes, meninges
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neur/o
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nerve
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my/o
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muscle
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vag/o
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vaus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
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radicul/o
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nerve root (of spinal nerves).
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tax/o
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order, coordination
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myel/o
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spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts).
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esthesi/o
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feeling, nervous sensation.
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quadri-
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four
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hypo-
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deficient, below, under, less than normal
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hemi-
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half
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poly-
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many; much
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sub-
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under; below
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micro-
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small
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hyper-
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above, excessive
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dys-
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bad; painful; difficult, abnormal
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epi-
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above; upon, on
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para-
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near beside; abnormal; apart from; aong the side of (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body).
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-algesia
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excessive, sensitivity to pain
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-paresis
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weakness
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-phasia
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speech
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-ptosis
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droop, sag, prolapse, protrude
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-sclerosis
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hardening
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-plegia
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paralyses
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-sthenia
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strength
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-parxia
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action
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-blast
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embryonic; immature cell
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-cele
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herina
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demyelination
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destruction of myelin on the axons of nerves.
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pons
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part of the brain; means "bridge".
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aneurysm
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abnormal widening of a blood vessel.
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embolism
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mass of material travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.
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dementia
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mental decline and deterioration.
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palliative
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relieving symptoms, but not curing.
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acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter released at the end of some nerve cells.
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cerebellum
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posterior part of the brain.
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meninges
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three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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dopamine
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neutrotransmitter that is deficient in Parkinson disease.
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astrocytoma
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malignant tumor of glial cells (astrocytes) in the brain.
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cerebrum
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largest part of the brain.
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nerve
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macroscopic structure consisting of axons and dendrites in bundle-like strands.
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aura
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pecular sensation appearing before more definite symptoms.
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occlusion
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blockage
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gait
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manner of walking.
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thymectomy
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removal of the thymus gland; treatment for myasthenia gravis.
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gyri
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sheets of nerve cells that produce elevation in the cerebral cortex, convolution.
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axon
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microscopic fiber that carries the nerous impulse along a nerve cell.
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dendrite
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microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse.
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