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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Premodern humans
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-most lived during mid pleistocene period
-some later premodern humans lived well into the late pleistocene pliestocene |
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Pliestocene glaciations and interglacials
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-Hominins in europe, africa, and northern asia were affected
-ice sheets expanded. northern areas of europe and asia became inhabitable -climate warmed... migration routes would have reopened |
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Dispersal of mid Pleistocene hominins
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-dispersed throughout the Old World
-Europe became more permanently and densely populated |
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(premodern human) Major morphological changes relative to Homo erectus
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1. increase in brain size
2. more globular cranial vault |
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Homo Heidelbergensis
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taxonomy used for premodern Mid Pleistocene fossils from Africa and Europe (and some Asian)
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Archaic Homo sapiens
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an alternative classification
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Premodern humans of mid Pleistocene: Africa: KABWE (ZAMBIA)
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one of best known premodern fossils. Mixture of H. erectus (primitive) and more modern (derived) features
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Premodern humans of mid Pleistocene: Africa: BODO site
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-one of the earliest Homo heidelbergensis from Africa
-specimen shows cut marks suggesting cannibalism or ritual purposes |
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Premodern humans of mid Pleistocene: Europe: SIMA DE LOS HUESOS at Atapuerca
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-near Gran Dolina site
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Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca) fossils
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-show some Neandertal traits
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Sima de los Huesos remains
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-arched brow ridges and a projecting midface similar to that of Neandertals
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Premodern humans of mid Pleistocene: Asia: China?
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-some chinese paleoanthropologists indicate
-genetic continuity from earlier Chinese H. erectus populations -modern Chinese evolved from a seperate Chinese H. erectus lineage (controversial view) |
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African premodern humans
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-said to have evolved into modern humans
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European premoderns
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-said to have evolved into Neandertals
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mid Pleistocene culture: stone tools
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-premodern humans in africa and europe invented the Levallois technique to make stone tools
-reflects increased cognitive abilities (compared to H. erectus) -technique required several complex and coordinated steps |
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mid Pleistocene culture: Shelter and fire
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-premodern humans increased use of cave sites
-evidence for controlled use of fire -evidence for temporary shelters being built -Shelter at Terra Amata site in France |
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mid Pleistocene culture: Subsistence
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-numerous resources such as fruits, veggies, bird eggs, and fish were used for food
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mid Pleistocene culture: Hunting (Schoningen)
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-wooden spears found at site of Schoningen, Germany
-suggested that these throwing spears were used for hunting large animals |
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Neandertals
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-premodern humans of the late pleistocene
-specimens from Western Europe often called "classic Neandertals" |
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Neandertal brain
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-large brains (1,520cm^3 avg)
-partially explained by large body size and need for metabolic efficiency in colder climates |
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Neandertal Cranium
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-large, long, and low with an occipital bun
-forehead is more vertical than H. erectus -arched brow ridges -face projects distinctly forward |
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Neandertal Postcranial Skeleton
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-robust
-muscle markings indicative of powerful musculature -short limbs (cold adaptation) |
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Neandertal Western Europe: LA CHAPELLE (FRANCE)
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-individual buried in shallow grave in flexed position
-French anatomist Boule incorrectly reconstructed the Neandertal as bent-kneed (actually arthritis). not really typical of neandertal. Extremely robust. |
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Neandertal Western Europe: EL SIDRON (NORTHERN SPAIN)
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-evidence of neanderthal behavior
-cannibalism -mtDNA suggest patrilocal mating patterns |
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Neandertal Western Europe: ST. CESAIRE (FRANCE)
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-more recent neandertal
-recovered with Upper Paleolithic tool industry |
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Upper Paleolithic
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-cultural period usually associated w/ modern humans
-Neandertal usually "Mid Paleolithic" |
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Neandertal Central Europe: KRAPINA, CROATIA
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-a relative old site
-one of the earliest intentional burials -earliest appearance of "classic" neandertal features together |
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Neandertal Central Europe:VINDIJA CAVE (near Krapina)
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-one of the most recent neandertals
-some early modern features |
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Neandertals and Anatomically Modern Humans
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-both living in at same time. Close to one another in Western & Central Europe around 35,000ya
-Neandertal borrowed tool technology -Created the new Chatelperronain industry |
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Neandertal Western Asia: TABUN, ISRAEL
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-neandertals contemporary w/ early modern H. sapiens found in nearby caves
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Neandertal Western Asia: KEBARA, ISRAEL
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-most complete pelvis
-first neandertal hyoid bone found (in throat at base of tongue) |
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Neandertal Western Asia: SHANIDAR, IRAQ
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-9 individuals. 4 of whom were intentionally buried
-includes skeleton of male w/ multiple extensive injuries -survival evidence of compassion among Neandertals |
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Neandertal Central Asia:TESHIK-TASH site (in Uzbekistan)
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-a neandertal child and tools of Mousterian industry at this site
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Neandertal Central Asia: DENISON CAVE (in Southern Siberia)
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-Hominin remains from Denisova cave
-no mtDNA match to either modern H. Sapiens or a Neandertal |
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Middle Paleolithic Mousterian industry
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-neandertals are primarily associated w/ a middle paleolithic stone tool industry called the Mousterian
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Neandertal Technology
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-developed specialized tools for skinning and preparing meat
-rarely used bone tools |
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Neandertal Subsistence
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-included hunting
-sites contain abundant remains of animal bones -no long distance weaponry such as bows&arrows -skeletal fractures indicate up close hunting methods -thrusting spears |
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Neandertal speech
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-articulate speech
-debated if same language capacities as modern H. Sapiens |
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Neandertal Behavioral advantages
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-upper paleolithic humans hypothesized to have possessed some behavioral advantage over neandertals. Possibly:
1. superior language capability 2. technological superiority 3. increased subsistence efficiency |
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Neandertal Burials
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-intentional
-evident in sites located in europe and western asia (Kebara) -After 35 kya in europe, burial practices associated w/ modern H. sapiens become more complex |
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Molecular Connections: Genetic Evidence
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-neandertal and modern human lineages are remarkably similar
99.84% identical -Many non african people today have neandertal genes -intermixing occured sometime btwn 80,000 and 50,000 ya |
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Denisovan Branch
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-Denisova Cave sight
-Denisovian DNA possibly represents a different branch of recent human evolution -a new hominin -diverged from H.sapiens/neandertal line a mil years ago -sharing 4-5% genes w/ contemporary people from Melanasia |
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Lumping approach
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-recognizes one species for all premodern humans: archaic Homo sapiens included in the same species as moderns
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Splitters
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indentified at least 2 species distinct from H. sapiens:
1. H. heidelbergensis 2. H. neanderthalensis |