Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?
|
the primary function is to provide a means of gas exchange between the external enviorment and the body, occurs as a result of ventilation and diffusion
|
|
What secondary function does it serve?
|
plays an important role in the regulation of the acid base balancing during heavy exercise.
|
|
pulmonary resperation
|
refers to ventilation/breathing and the exchanges of gases(O2 and CO2) in the lungs.
|
|
cellular reperation
|
relates to the O2 utilization and production by the tissues
|
|
ventilation
diffusion |
refers tom the mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
the random movement of molocules from a area of high concentration to a area of low concentration. |
|
List and discuss the major anatomical components of the respiratory system.
|
the nose , nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs themself...
|
|
alveoli
|
a group of passages that filter air and transport it into the lungs where gas exchange occurs within microscopic air sacs called alveoli
|
|
the right and left lung are enclosed by a set of membranes called
|
pluera
|
|
What muscle groups are involved in ventilation during rest? During exercise?
|
during rest the diaphram does most of the work also helping is the Sternocliedomastoid, scalnes, external and internal intercoastals ,
at work internal intercoastals, external oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominis. |
|
why is intraplueral pressure less than atmospheric pressure?
|
it prevent the collapse of the fragile sacs in the lungs
|
|
surfactant does what?
|
lowers tge surface tension of the alveoli and thus prevents there collapse
|
|
movement of air from the enviorment to the lungs is called pulmonary ventilation and occurs via a process called
|
bulk flow...
|
|
Bulf flow refers to the
|
movement of molecules along a passageway due to a pressure difference between the two ends of the passageway...
|
|
Airflow =
|
P1-P2/resistance
|
|
atmospheric pressure=
|
760 mm Hg
|
|
Visceral pleura
– Parietal pleura – Intrapleural space |
On outer surface of lung
Lines the thoracic wall Intrapleural pressure is lower than atmospheric – Prevents collapse of alveoli |
|
Conducting zone
|
Conducting zone
Conducts air to respiratory Humidifies, warms, and filters air Components: – Trachea – Bronchial tree – Bronchioles |
|
Respiratory zone
|
Exchange of gases between air and blood
Components: – Respiratory bronchioles – AlveolarDUCTS/ AND sacs |
|
Anatomically, the pulmonary system consists of a group ????
|
of passages that filter air and transport it into the lungs where gas exchange occurs within tiny air sacs called alveoli.
|
|
Do respiratory muscles fatigue during exercise?
|
Current evidence suggests that respiratory muscles do fatigue during exercise Prolonged (>120 minutes) High-intensity (90–100% VO2 max)
|
|
Do respiratory muscle adapt to training
|
yes
Increased oxidative capacity improves respiratory muscle endurance Reduced work of breathing |
|
Exercise-induced asthma
Asthma results in bronchospasm |
– During or immediately following exercise – May impair exercise performance
Narrowing of airways Increased work of breathing Shortness of breath (dyspnea) |
|
Exercise and Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
|
Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)
– Increased airway resistance Due to constant airway narrowing – Decreased expiratory airflow Includes two lung diseases: – Chronic bronchitis Excessive mucus blocks airways – Emphysema Airway collapse and increased resistance Increased work of breathing – Leads to shortness of breath – May interfere with exercise and activities of daily living |
|
The major muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm. Air enters the pulmonary system due to intrapulmonary pressure being reduced below atmospheric pressure (bulk flow).
|
At rest, expiration is passive. However, during exercise, expiration becomes active, using muscles located in the abdominal wall (e.g., rectus abdominis and internal oblique).
|
|
what subscripts are used to denote
T= D= A= I= E= |
T=Tidal
D= dead space A=Alveolar I= inspired E=Expired |
|
– Tidal volume (VT)
Alveolar ventilation (VA) |
Amount of air moved per breath
Volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone |
|
the amount of gas ventilated per minute is the product of the frequency of breathing(f) and the amount of gas moved per breath is
|
Tidal volume V = VT x f
|
|
Dead-space ventilation (VD)
|
Volume of air remaining in conducting airways V = VA + VD
|
|
The amount of gas moved per minute is .
|
the product of tidal volume times breathing frequency.
|
|
Pulmonary ventilation refers to
|
the amount of gas moved into and out of the lungs.
|
|
Vital capacity (VC)
– |
– Maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
|
|
Residual volume (RV)
– |
– Volume of gas remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
|
|
Total lung capacity (TLC)
|
– Amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration.
|
|
Vital capacity
|
typical value 500ml/
ampunt of air exhaled in one brerath during quiet breathing |
|
Inspiratory reserve volume IRV
|
typical value 3000 ml
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort |
|
Expiratory reserve volume ERV
|
1,200ml
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort |
|
residual volume RV
|
amount of air remaning in the lungs after maximum expiration; the amount of air that can never be voluntarily exhaled
|
|
Carbon dioxide is transported in blood three forms
|
(1) dissolved CO2 (10% of CO2 is transported in this way), (2) CO2 bound to hemoglobin (called carbamino- hemoglobin; about 20% of blood CO2 is transported via this form), and (3) bicarbonate (70% of CO2 found in the blood is transported as bicarbonate [HCO3␣]).
|
|
perfussion
|
blood flow to alveoli
|
|
Does the Pulmonary System Limit Exercise Performance?
|
NO....
Low-to-moderate intensity exercise ␣ Pulmonary system not seen as a limitation Maximal exercise ␣ Historically not thought to be a limitation in healthy individuals at sea level ␣ New evidence that respiratory muscle fatigue does occur during high intensity exercise (>90% VO2 max) ␣ May be limiting in elite endurance athletes ␣ 40␣50% experience hypoxemia |
|
Discuss the factors that influence the rate of diffusion across the blood-gas interface in the lung.
|
gas moves across the blood interface in the lung due to simple diffusion.
|
|
flicks law:
|
the volume of gas theat moves across a tissue is proportional to the area for diffussion and the difference in partial pressure across the membrane, and is inversly proportional to the membrane thickness.
|
|
Daltons Law
|
the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each pressure would exert independtly.
|
|
What is the functional significance of the shape of the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve? What factors affect the shape of the curve?
|
Direction of reaction depends on:
PO2 of the blood Affinity between Hemoglobin and O2 |
|
oxyhemoglobin
|
the binding of O2 to hemoglobin
|
|
deoxyhemoglobin
|
hemoglobin that is not bound to O2
|
|
At the lung
High PO2 = formation of Low PO2 = release of O2 to tissues |
oxyhemoglobin
At the tissues of O2 to tissue |
|
discuss Effects of pH,
|
PHDecreased pH lowers Hb-O2 affinity
resultd in a rightward shift of the curve.. |
|
effects ofTemperature, Dissociation Curve
|
increased blood temperature lowers Hb-O2 affinity ␣ results in rightward shift of curve
|
|
2␣3 DPG on the O2-Hb Dissociation Curve
|
␣ Byproduct of RBC glycolysis
may shift During altitude exposure ␣ Not a major cause of rightward shift during exercise |
|
the strength of the bond between O2 and hemoglobin is weakened
and results in |
by a decrease in blood PH(increased acidity),
increased unloading of of O2 to the tissues... |
|
Bohr Effect
|
this is represented by a "right" shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve
|
|
O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve
A__________in PH results in a _____ward curve |
decrease
right |
|
O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve A________in temp results in a ______ward shift in the curve, while a _______in blood temp reults in a _______ward shift in the curve
|
increase, right ward
decrease leftward |
|
Discuss the modes of transportation for CO2 in the blood
|
Dissolved in plasma (10%) Bound to Hb (20%) Bicarbonate (70%)
|
|
CO2 Transport in Blood
At the tissue: |
H+ binds to Hb
HCO3␣ diffuses out of RBC into plasma Cl␣ diffuses into RBC (chloride shift) |
|
CO2 Transport in Blood
At the lung: |
O2 binds to Hb (drives off H+)
Reaction reverses to release CO2 |
|
What happens to ventilation if the exercise is prolonged and performed in a hot/humid environment? Why?
|
ventilation is greater during exercise in a hot humid environment when compared to a cool enviorment, there is little difference in arterial PCO2 between the two types of exercise.
|
|
What factor(s) might explain the ventilatory threshold?
|
incremental exercise results in a linear increase In V(e)up to 50%-70% of O2 max; at higher work rates, ventilation begins to rise exponentially . also known as ventilation threshold
|
|
hypoxemia
|
low PO2
|
|
A.)List and identify the functions of the chemoreceptors that contribute to the control of breathing
|
At rest , Contraction and relaxation of these respitory muscles are directly controlled by somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord.
|
|
B)List and identify the functions of the chemoreceptors that contribute to the control of breathing
|
Humoral
central Peripheral |
|
Central Chemoreceptors
|
located in the Medulla, and are affected by changes in PCO2 or H+ of the cerbrospinal fluid. An increase in either PCO2 or H+ of the CSF results in sending afferent input to the respitory center
|
|
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
|
located in aortic arch at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, the receptors are called aortic bodies
|
|
Medulla Oblongata
|
respiratory controll center...
|
|
The pulmonary system ___ ___ limit exercise performance in healthy ______ subjects during prolonged submaximal exercise (e.g., work rates <90% VO2 max).
|
does not
young |
|
In contrast to submaximal exercise, new evidence indicates that the respiratory system (i.e., respiratory muscle fatigue) may be a_______in exercise performance at work rates >___VO2 max. Further, incomplete pulmonary gas exchange may occur in some elite athletes and limit exercise performance at _________ ______ _______...
|
limiting factor
>90% high exercise intensities. |