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37 Cards in this Set
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the political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution
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old regime
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one of the three social classes in France before the French Revolution-the First Estate consisting of the clergy; the Second Estate of the nobility; and the Third Estate of the rest of the population
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Estate
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Became French king in 1774; he inherited debt from his predecessors, and borrowed heavily to help American revolutionaries in their war against Britian, nearly doubling France's debt; face with bankruptcy, he tried to tax French aristocrats, leading the National Assembly to try to pass laws and reforms of the French people; an attempt by the National Assembly to draw up a new constitution led France into the French Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy; radicals beheaded him in January 1793 for treason
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Louis XVI
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a member of the royal family of Austria, and unpopular wife of King Louis XVI; she was executed in 1793 during the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution
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Marie Antoinette
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an assembly of representatives from all three of the estaes, or social classes, in France
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Estates-general
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a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789 to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people
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National Assembly
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a pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
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Tennis Court Oath
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a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside afer the storming of the Bastille in 1789
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Great Fear
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a statement of revolutionary ideals adopted by France's National Assembly in 1789 including guarantees of equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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a French congress with the power to creae laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791
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Legislative Assembly
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a person who leaves his native country, for political reasons, like the nobles and others who fled France during the uprising of the French Revolution
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emigres
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in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wageearners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end to food shortages
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sans-culottes
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a radical French political club that wanted to remove the king and establish a Republic
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jacobins
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a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution
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guillotine
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an alliance created when Great Britian, Holland, and Spain joined Austria and Prussia in war against France in 1793
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First Coalition
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the period, from mid -1793 to mid-1794, when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed
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Reign of Terror
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seized power in France in a coup d etat in 1799, an declared himself French emperorin 1804; as French leader, he set up a fairer tax code, established a national bank, stabilized the currency, and gave state loans to businesses; he appointed officials by merit, fired corrupt officials, created lycees, and created a comprehensive system of laws; he recognized Catholicism as the "faith of Frenchmen," signed a concordat with the Pope, but retained seized church lands; he led French armies in an attempt to expand the French Empire into Europe, until he was defeated at Waterloo in 1815
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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a sudden seizure of political power in a natin
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coup d etat
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a direct vote in which a country's people have the opprotunity to approve or reject a proposal
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plebiscite
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a government-run public school in France
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lycee
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a formal agreement-especially one between the pope and a government, dealing witn the control of church affairs
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concordat
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a comprehensive and uniform system of laws for France by Napoleon
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Napoleonic Code
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Napoleon sold a major parcel of land to the United States in 1803 to raise money to finance his operations in Europe, and to insure that Britain would have a rival for power
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Louisiana Territory
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an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson; this forced Napoleon to abandon plans to invade Britain
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Battle of Trafalgar
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the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial trafficfrom entering or leaving a city or region
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blockade
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Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and Continental Europe, intendedto destroy Great Britain's economy
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continental system
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conflict between the United States and Great Britain over Indian agitation and freedom of the seas
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War of 1812
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a member of a basely organized fighting force that makes supries attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country
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guerilla
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a conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleon's French troops out of Spain
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Peninsular War
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the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land (Russia)
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scorched-earth policy
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final defeat of Napoleon in June 15, 1815 by the British and Prussian armies led by the Duke of Wellington; Napoleon was shipped to St. Helen in the South Atlantic, where he died in 1821
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Waterloo
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the brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French king and again becoming emperor of France
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Hundred days
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a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon
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Congress of Vienna
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a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others
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balance of powers
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the heredity right of a monarch to rule
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legitimacy
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the league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna
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Holy alliance
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a series of alliances amoung European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
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Concert of Europe
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