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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a macronutrient? |
nutrients needed in large quantaties, primarily for cell structure (protein, carbohydrates) |
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What is a micronutrient? |
Small quantaties are needed for meatbolism. Often co-factors (Mg, Z) |
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Organic Nutrients |
Contain both carbon and hydrogen |
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Inorganic nutrients |
Do not contain both C and H |
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What is CHONPS? |
The six elements found in all cells Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphate Sulfate |
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Define basic cell chemical composition |
Water 70% (H,O) Proteins 15% (C,H,N,P,S) DNA/RNA 7% (C,H,N,P) Carbohydrates 3% (C,H,O) Lipids 2% (C,H) Other 3%
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How is carbon used in a cell? |
Co2 produced by respiration, used in photosynthesis CO3^2- found in cell walls/skeletons |
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How is Nitrogen used in a cell? |
use NH3 to synthesize amino acids and nucleic acids |
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How is oxygen used in a cell? |
Necessary for metabolism of nutrients in aerobes, significant element in organic/inorganic compounds |
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How is hydrogen used in a cell? |
Used in water as a solvent, and for reactions, helps maintain pH of cells |
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What different ways do bacteria acquire nutrients? |
Chemically Sunlight Dead or organic matter |
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What is a chemoautotroph? |
Bacteria or archaea that solely survives on inorganic substances such as minerals or gases |
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Diffusion |
The movement of molecules down their concentration gradient. -Passive -Nonspecific |
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Osmosis |
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane |
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Isotonic Solution |
Solution concentration is equal both inside and outside the cell. No net water movement |
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Hypertonic solution |
The solution outside the cell has a higher concentration than that inside the cell. Net water movement is moving outside the cell. |
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Hypotonic Solution |
The solution outside the cell has a lower concentration that inside the cell. Net water movement is into the cell. |
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Faciliated diffusion |
- No energy spent (Passive) - Specific - Tranmembrane proteins allow specific molecules to diffuse into the cell that wouldn't otherwise pass through the membrane |
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Active Transport |
-Active -specific Energy is expended by the cell to transport nutrietns against their gradient, or with gradient but faster than normal |
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Endocytosis |
The process where solid and liquid materials are taken into the cell through membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle |
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Phagocytosis |
type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles or cells into vesicles |
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Pinocytosis |
The engulfment or endocytosis of liquids through the cell membrane |
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Name examples of passive transport |
Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffussion |
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Name examples of active transport |
Carrier mediated active transport Group Translocation Bulk Transport |
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What is carrier mediated active transport |
Atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of the cell by specialized receptors. Driven by ATP or other high energy molecules |
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What is group translocation? |
Molecule moved across a membrane and simultaneously converted to a metabolically useful product |
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What is bulk transport? |
Mass transport of large particles, cells, and liquids by engulfment and vesicle formation |
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What environmental factors do microbes have to contend with? |
Temperature pH Salinity Oxygen Concetration Gas requirements |
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What temperature do psychophiles thrive at? |
Below 15 degrees C |
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What temperature do mesophiles thrive at? |
Between 10 degrees C, and 50 degrees C |
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What temperature do thermophiles thrive at? |
45 degrees C to 80 degrees C |
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What temperature do hyperthermophiles thrive at? |
Above 80 degrees C |
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What are the three cardinal temperatures? |
Minimum Optimal Maximum |
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What type of Microbial Associations are there? |
Symbiotic Non-Symbiotic |
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Symbiotic Association |
Organisms that live in close nutritional relationship; required by one or both members |
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Types and definition of symbiotic associations |
Mutualism: Obligatory, dependent, both members benefit COmmensalism: The commensal benefits, other member not harmed Parasitism: Parasite is dependent, benefits; host is harmed |
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Types and definitions of non-symbiotic relationships |
Synergism: Members Cooperate and share nutrients Antagonism: Some members are inhibited/destroyed by others |
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Nonsymbiotic Association |
Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival |