Ch. 5 Ground Rules Of Metabolism

Front 1

The capacity to do work

Back 1

Energy

Front 2

Measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed

Back 2

Entropy

Front 3

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Back 3

First law of thermodynamics

Front 4

The energy of motion

Back 4

Kinetic Energy

Front 5

Potential Energy

Back 5

Stored energy

Front 6

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 6

Energy disperses spontaneously

Front 7

Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction

Back 7

Activation energy

Front 8

Decribes a reaction that requires a net input of free energy to proceed

Back 8

Endergonic

Front 9

Describes a reaction that ends with a net release of free energy

Back 9

Exergonic

Front 10

A molecule that is produced from a reaction

Back 10

Product

Front 11

A molecule that enters a reaction and is changed by participating in it.

Back 11

Reactant

Front 12

Pocket in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction occurs.

Back 12

Active Site

Front 13

The acceleration of a reaction rate by a molecule that is unchanged by participating in the reaction

Back 13

Catalysis

Front 14

Substrate binding to an active site improves the fit between the two.

Back 14

Induced-fit model

Front 15

Of an enzyme, a reactant that is specifically acted upon by the enzyme.

Back 15

Substrate

Front 16

Control of enzyme activity by a regulatory molecule or ion that binds to a region outside the enzyme's active site.

Back 16

Alosteric Regulation

Front 17

Array of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in steps.

Back 17

Electron Transfer Chain

Front 18

Regulatory mechanism in which a change that results from some activity decreases or stops the activity.

Back 18

Feedback Inhibition

Front 19

Series of enzyme mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule.

Back 19

Metabolic Pathway

Front 20

Oxidation-reduction reaction, in which one molecule accepts electrons(it becomes reduced) from another molecule (which becomes oxidized). Also called electron transfer.

Back 20

Redox Reaction

Front 21

Substance that prevents oxidation of other molecules

Back 21

Antioxidant

Front 22

Process by which cells regenerate ATP. ADP forms when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, then forms again as ADP gains a phosphate group.

Back 22

ATP/ADP Cycle

Front 23

An organic cofactor

Back 23

Coenzyme

Front 24

A metal ion or organic compound that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function.

Back 24

Cofactor

Front 25

A phosphate-group transfer

Back 25

Phosphorylation

Front 26

Diffusion

Back 26

Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions moving from high concentration to low concentration.

Front 27

Hypertonic

Back 27

Describes a fluid that has a high solute concentration relative to another fluid separated by a semipermeable membrane. Fluid with higher concentration of solutes.

Front 28

Hypotonic

Back 28

Describes a fluid that has a low solute concentration relative to another fluid separated by a semipermeable membrane. Fluid with a low concentration of solutes.

Front 29

Isotonic

Back 29

Two fluids with identical solute concentrations and separated by a semipermeable membrane.

Front 30

Osmosis

Back 30

Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane; occurs in response to a difference in solute concentration between two fluids on either side of the membrane.

Front 31

Amount of turgor that prevents osmosis into cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid.

Back 31

Osmotic Pressure

Front 32

Turgor

Back 32

Pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure that contains it.

Front 33

Energy requiring mechanism in which a transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient.

Back 33

Active Transport

Front 34

Passive transport mechanism in which a solute follows it's concentration gradient across a membrane by moving through a transport protein.

Back 34

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 35

Membrane crossing mechanism that requires no energy input.

Back 35

Passive Transport

Front 36

Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid (and it's contents) by ballooning inward of the plasma membrane.

Back 36

Endocytosis

Front 37

Process by which a cell expels a vesicles contents to extracellular fluid

Back 37

Exocytosis

Front 38

"Cell eating" an endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfs particles such as microbes or cellular debris

Back 38

Phagocytosis