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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nutrition |
Study of nutrients and how the body utilizes the nutrients in food |
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Phytochemicals |
Components in plant food that help protect against disease. |
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Nutrients |
Substance needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of body. |
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Essential nutrients |
Those the body need since they can't make them in sufficient amounts |
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Macronutrients |
Energy from carbohydrates, fat, & protien |
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Micronutrients |
Vitamins and minerals regulating body process. |
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Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) |
Set of standards for intake of specific nutrients to meet the needs of healthy americans. |
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Dietary reference intakes (DRI) |
List recommended dietary allowance, adequate intake, & estimate average requirement. |
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Adequate intake (AI) |
Nutrient intake assumed to be adequate |
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Tolerable upper intake level (UL) |
Highest level of nutrient intake that won't pose a threat to health of individual. |
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Estimated average requirement (EAR) |
Daily nutrient intake value estimated to meet requirements of half the people in a life stage or gender group. |
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Estimated energy requirement (EER) |
Average daily nutrient required to keep an individual energy balanced. |
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Nutrient dense foods |
Food that provides substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals with few calories. |
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Kilocalorie (kcal) |
Unit of measurement that specifies the heat energy in a particular amount of food. 1g carbs or 1g protein yields 4 kcal 1g fat yields 9 kcal, alcohol 7 kcal |
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Resting energy expenditure (REE) |
Enery required to maintain body processes. |
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Enzymes |
Biological catalysts made of protein. |
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Carbohydrates |
Made of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen. Major function is providing energy. Simplest carb is glucose. Another function is to spare protien. |
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Carbs (end products) |
Glucose, fructose, and galactose. Liver convert it into immediate energy or stores in liver or muscle as glycogen. |
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Simple carbs |
Either monosaccharides or disaccharides. Mono- glucose, fructose, galactic Disa- sucrose, lactose, maltose. |
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Hyper/ hypoglycemia |
Abnormally high or low blood sugar. Refers To Blood levels of glucose. |
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Fructose & galactose |
F- aka fruit sugar, found in honey, fruits, and saps. G- not usually found in nature, few sources exist. |
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Sucrose, lactose, maltose |
S- aka table sugar, composed of fructose & glucose. L- sugar found in milk. Formed only in mammary glands. M- not found in food,produced as an intermediate in starch digestion. |
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Polysaccharides |
Complex carbohydrates, made of Long chains of many sugars molecules in a way that doesn't taste sweet. Starch, dextrin, glycogen, fiber. |
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Starch, dextrin, fructan, glycogen, dietary fiber |
S- carbs stored in plants, found in grains, roots, bulbs, legumes, seeds. D - formed immediately in starch digestion by action of enzymes or heat. F- natural carbs, found in onions, bananas, wheat, garlic (whole foods). Ensures a clients increase in calorie intake. G- not a significant for of carbs, but it's the storage form of carbs. D- aka roughage, portion of plants resistant to digestion by human enzymes.
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Fats (lipids) |
Give flavor and texture to food. Is concentrated energy source, major source of energy. Supplies 40% of body energy. Also cushions organs, and protects then from injury. |
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Visible / invisible fat |
V- fat that's easy identified in foods that appear fatty. I- fat hidden in foods that don't appear fatty. |
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Fatty acids |
Either saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds) based on number of bonds. Unsaturated- 2 types, mono/polyunsaturated. |
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Hydrogenated |
Fats that have fewer essential fatty acids. |
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Cholesterol |
Member of sterols, found in animal tissue, it's needed to produce hormones, vitamin D, and bile acid. |
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HDL /LDL cholesterol |
H-good cholesterol, lowers serum cholesterol levels and risk of heart disease. L- bad cholesterol, implicated in development of atherosclerosis and coranary artery disease. |
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Protien |
Foundation of every cell, only nutrient that builds and repair tissue. Made of amino acids. Maintain body's fluid balance. Acid base balance. |
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Complete/ incomplete protiens |
Provide all essential amino acids in suffecient amounts and portions, for growth and maintenance. |
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Water |
Makes up 60% of adult body wieght. 80% infant. Adult loses 2.5 quarts a day by perspiring. One of the body major components. Is a solvent, and necessary for temp regulation. |
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Minerals |
Vital for building bones & teeth. Help Maintain muscle tone, maintain acid base balance. |
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Electrolytes, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus |
E- consist of minerals in form of salt, acids, base. S- major ion in extracellular fluid. P- major ion in intracellular fluid. C- needed for production of HCL in stomach. M- bone formation and maintaining homeostasis. C- mainly in bone, helps blood clots, regulates muscle activity. P- in every cell, 80% in teeth and bones. Helps cell us carbs, protien, fats.
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Trace minerals |
Present in body in small amounts. Iron- help rbc carry oxygen. Iodine- needed to make thyroxine (hormone) that is essential for normal thyroid function, , |
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Vitamins |
Consist of C,O,H, & N. Essential for healthy diet. |
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Fat soluble vitamins |
A,D,E,K. Stored in liver. A- retinol, group of su substances that promote growth, normal vision, support membrane. D- calciferol, group of sterols, regulates body use of calcium & phosphorus. E- alpha-tocopherol necessary component for reproduction in animals. K- needed for formation of prothrombin, and blood clotting. |
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Water soluble vitamins |
Include vitamin C & B. Considered nontoxic, develop deficiency faster than fat soluble due to not being stored, and are excreted rapidly. |
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Prebiotoic |
Nondigestible food Ingridients that selectively feed probiotic bacteria. |
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Probiotic |
Healthy live bacteria. Pre & pro work together to maintain healthy digestive system & boost immune functions |
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Nutrient density |
Foods that provide a significant amount of key nutrients per volume consumed. |
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Nutritional problems (CCSD) |
In America it's not a deficiency but overconsumption. Leading cause of death are Coranary artery disease Certain cancers (Stroke) Cerebral vascular accident Diabetes. |
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Marasmus |
Extreme malnutrition and emaciation in young children as result of inadequate calories & protien. |
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Kwashiorkor |
Severe malnutrition, found in children, caused by protien deficiency. |
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Pregnancy nutrition |
In 2 or 3 trimister, only needs to add 300 kcal a day for a total of 2000 or 2500 for fetus to survive. |
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Children |
Never forced them to eat, they eat enough by themselves |
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Adolescentes |
Snacking is 30% of their intake per day. |
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Vitamin A |
Retinol, promotes growth, sustain normal vision, supports normal reproduction, and maintains healthy skin. Found in animal sources, liver, butter, eggs yolk, fortified milk. |
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Vitamin D |
Calciferol, group of sterols needed to regulating body use of calcium & phosphorus. Deficiency cause children bones not to harden. |
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Vitamin E |
Reproductive vitamin. Needed to reproduction in animals. Deficiency is rare. Found in plant food vegetables oils, wheat germ, nut, green leafy. |
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Vitamin K |
Menadione, essential in formation of prothrombin and clotting. Sources are liver eggs yolk, cauliflower, cabbages, spinach, green leafy vegetables. Hemorrhage may happen due to deficiency. |
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Vitamin C |
Ascorbic acid, aid in formation of collagen. Essential to wound healing. Deficiency cause scurvy, irritability, lower resistance to disease. In citrus, red/green peppers, brocolli, cauliflower, cantaloupe, kiwi fruit, mustard greens. |
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Thiamine B1 |
Promotes general body efficiency. Essential for metabolism of carbs, amino acids. Deficiency causes poor appetite, fatigue, nausea, vomiting. Causes beriberi. Source, pork, whole grain, cereal, legumes, organ meat. |
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Beriberi |
Disease of nervous system that leads to paralysis and death from heart failure. |
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Riboflavin (B2) |
Functions as component of 2 coenzyme that catalyze many reactions. Essential for growth. Deficiency rare, but include cheilosis, glossitis, & stomatitis. Found in milk, meat, poultry. |
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Cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis |
C- cracking/sores at corner of mouth. G- inflammation of tongue, with smooth texture and purplish red color. S- inflammation in lining of the mouth. |
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Niacin (B3) |
Vital role in release of energy from carb, fat, protien. Found in lean meat, liver, kidney, Yeast, peanut butter, beans. Deficiency leads to pellagra. |
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Pellagra |
Mucous membrane of mouth and digestive tract become red and inflamed, lesions appear on skin. |
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Folate acid (B9) |
Role in synthesis of DNA & RNA, & formation of red/white blood cells. Found in cereal, liver, organ meat, milk, eggs. Deficiency resolves in glossitis, diarrhea, poor growth, risk of heart attack. |
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Vitamin (B12) |
Deficiency leads to anemia, neurologic symptoms, increased risk of heart attack. Found in animal sources, vegeterians at risk of deficiency. |
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Carb |
Bread, cereal, pasta, rice, potatoes,lima beans. |
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Fat |
Butter, cream, salad oils, dressing, olives. |
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Protein |
Meat,fish, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, peanut, nuts, bean. |