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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
delusions |
a false belief that os strongly held in spite of contrary evidence |
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-about ___ of the US population has reported symptoms of a psychiatric disorder -as much as ___ % of the adult population experiences psychiatric symptoms in the course of a year -nearly 5% of Americans are suffering from a serious mental illness |
1/3; 19 |
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there is a peak in 18-25 year olds because certain psychiatric disorders (like schizo) tend to |
appear in adolescence and young childhood |
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schizophrenia affects approx. ___% of the population |
1% |
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positive symptom |
an abnormal behavioral state -examples: hallucinations(mostly auditory), delusions of grandeur/persecution, disordered thought processes, bizarre behaviors |
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negative symptoms |
an abnormality that reflects insufficient functioning -examples: social withdrawal, flat affect, anhedonia(loss of pleasurable feelings), reduced motion, poor focus on tasks, alogia(reduced speech output), catatonia (reduced movement) |
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dissociative thinking |
impaired logical thought |
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schizophrenia may have an associated _____. |
endophenotype: a group of behavioral or physical characteristics that accompany an inherited susceptibility to a particular disorder |
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concordance |
a characteristic that is seen in both individuals of a pair of twins |
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monozygotic |
(identical) twins from a single fertilized egg; have a 50% concordance rate |
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dizygotic |
(fraternal) twins derived from separate eggs; have a 17% concordance rate |
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prepulse inhibition (PPI) |
a neurological phenomenon on which a weaker pre stimulus (prepulse) inhibits the reaction to a subsequent string startling stimulus (pulse) |
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Deficits of PPI manifest in the inability to filter out the unnecessary info; that have been linked to_____. |
abnormalities of the sensorimotor gating |
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ventricular enlargement is associated w/ |
schizophrenia |
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among ppl w/ schizo/ those w/ enlarged ventricles benefit _____ from antipsychotic drugs. |
less |
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cortical abnormalities in schizo |
-thicker corpus callosum -loss of gray matter in the frontal lobes -less metabolic activity |
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first rank symptoms in schizo |
1. auditory hallucinations 2. highly personalized delusions 3. changes in emotion (affect) |
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hypofrontality hypothesis |
the idea that schizo may reflect under activation of the frontal lobes |
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lobotomy |
the surgical separation of a portion of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain, once used for a tx for schizo and many other ailments |
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chlorpromazine |
an antipsychotic drug that replaced lobotomies as a tx for schizo |
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antipsychotic or neuroleptic |
any of a class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizo, typically by blocking dopamine receptors |
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dopamine hypothesis |
the idea that schizo results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine |
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amphetamine psychosis |
a delusional and psychotic state, closely resembling acute schizophrenia, that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine |
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typical neuroleptic |
anti schizo drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors; all antipsychotic drugs are now typical |
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atypical neuroleptic |
an antipsychotic that has actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics |
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clozapine |
an atypical neuroleptic that selectively blocks serotonin receptors |
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tardive dyskonesia |
characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue |
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discontinuation of or lowering dosage of typical neuroleptics can result in a sudden, marked increase in positive symptoms of schizo. This is called ____, and t reflects up regulation of receptors during treatment |
super sensitivity psychosis |
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problems w/ dopamine hypothesis |
-drugs block D2 receptors a lot faster than what symptoms are reduced -some patients show no change w/ dopamine antagonists |
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some atypical neuroleptics actually ____ dopamine levels in the frontal cortex |
increase |
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psychotomimetic |
a drug that induces a state resembling schzo |
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phencyclidine(PCP) |
angel dust; an anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug; makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment; blocks NDMA receptor, thereby preventing the endogenous ligand glutamate from having its usual effects |
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ketamine |
a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as a NDMA receptor antagonist |
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glutamate hypothesis |
the idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by under stimulation of glutamate receptors |
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depression |
a psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood, loss of interests, energy, and appetite, and difficulty concentrating, restless agitation |
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unipolar depression |
depression that alternates w/ normal emotional states |
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bipolar disorder |
characterized by repeated fluctuation between depressive periods and episodes of euphoric, sometimes grandiose, positive mood (mania) -rate of cycling varies; rapid cycling consists of 4 or more cycles in one year, some may cycle several times in one day |
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electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) |
a last resort tx for unmanageable depression in which a string electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure. |
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monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs) |
inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (tx for depression) |
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tricyclics and heterocyclics |
inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine (TX for depression) |
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
block the repute of serotonin, having little effect on norepinephrine or dopamine synapses (Tx for depression) |
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deep brain stimulation (DBS) |
mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain |
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cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) |
psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings |
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postpartum depression |
a bout of depression that afflicts a woman either immediately before or after giving birth |
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about ___% of all suicide victims are profoundly depressed |
80 |
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PET studies show an ____ blood flow in the amygdala and frontal cortex of depressed patients; there is a ____ blood flow in some brain regions (temporal and parietal lobes, anterior cingulate) |
increased; decreased |
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hippocampal volume is _____ in people w/ depression. cortex of the right hemisphere is ____ in descendants of depressed people. |
reduced; thinner |
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Increased Neuronal Atrophy and Synapse Loss |
-decreased volume of cortical and limbic brain regions -decreased rate of neurogenesis -neurons shrink, but are not necessarily lost -synapse numbers decrease -changes in connectivity b/t cortical and limbic regions |
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chronically _____ levels of cortisol have a significant effect on the brain |
elevated |
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learned helplessness |
a learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions |
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lithium often relieves the symptoms of _____ |
bipolar disorder has widespread actions in the brain and interacts with the circadian clock and boosts BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, protein that is related to the canonical Nerve Growth Factor) boosting BDNF activity may reduce cell death associated w/ bipolar disorder |
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people w/ Cushing's syndrome have high levels of _____ ____ and are prone to depression |
adrenal glucocorticoids |
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dexamethasone |
synthetic glucocoricoid -dexamethasone suppresion test can reveal excess cortisol -it can suppress cortisol release in non de pressed ppl but not in depressed patients |
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sleep is altered by depression |
-Stage 3 SWS is reduced; stages 1 and 2 are increased - patients enter REM very quickly, w/ an increase of REM sleep in the first half of the night |
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other Tx for depression |
ketamine and leptin, vagal nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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cyclothymia |
a milder form of depression; patients cycle between dysthymia (mild depression) and hypomania (increased energy) |
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anxiety disorders |
any of a class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and PTSD |
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panic disorder |
recurrent attacks of intense fearfulness |
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generalized anxiety disorder |
persistent, excessive anxiety and worry |
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benzodiazepine |
any of a class of anti anxiety drugs that are agonists of GABA receptors in the CNS ex. Valium |
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anxiolytic |
a substance used to combat anxiety ex. alcohol, opiates, barbituates, benzodiazepines -serotonin agonists and SSRIs are also used to treat anxiety |
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PTSD |
a disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plagues the victim usually show: memory changes (like amnesia), flashbacks, deficits in short term memory -persistent memories may be a failure to forget -projections to the amygdala may lose effectiveness in suppressing fear -victims may have increased sensitivity to stress hormones, like cortisol |
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fear conditioning |
a from of learning in which fear comes to be associated w/ a previously neutral stimulus |
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OCD |
an anxiety disorder in which the affected individual experienced recurrent unwanted thoughts and engaged in repetitive behaviors w/o reason or the ability to stop OCD responds to SSRIs in most cases, suggesting that serotonin dysfunction is important in development of OCD often co-morbid w/ Tourette's syndrome |
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co-morbid |
referring to the tendency of certain diseases or disorders to occur together in individuals |
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Cingulotomy |
lesions that interrupt pathways in the cingulate cortex to treat anxiety, depression, and OCD |
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capsulotomy |
lesions of the internal capsule (white matter projections under the cortex) to treat anxiety disorders |
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Howard Dully |
had lobotomy |
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Which of the following is not a long-term effect of antipsychotic drugs?
A. Repetitive, involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue B. Enhanced physiological, behavioral, or biochemical response to dopamine C. Weight gain D. Dopamine receptor irreversibility malfunctions |
D. Dopamine receptor irreversibility malfunctions
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Hideyo Noguchi discovered the relationship between ____ and ____.
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psychosis and syphilis |
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Which of the following classes of drugs is not used to treat depression?
A. Phenothiazines B. Tricyclics C. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
A. Phenothiazines |
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Given what you know about REM sleep and depression, what would be the likely effect of REM deprivation on depression?
A. Little or no change in behavior ratings of the depth of depression Incorrect B. An enhancement of the depressed mood C. The addition of anxiety to the depression D. Relief of the depression |
D. Relief of the depression |
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A psychobiological model of the development of PTSD draws connections among the neural mechanisms of which of the following?
A. All of these B. Fear conditioning C. Behavioral sensitization D. Extinction |
A. All of these |
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About _______% of severely disabled OCD patients who underwent cingulotomy benefited substantially. A. 50 B. 33 C. 10 D. 75 |
B. 33 |
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The symptoms of Tourette’s syndrome resemble those of patients with disease of the A. cortex. B. spinal cord. C. basal ganglia. D. limbic system. |
basal ganglia |