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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Central Nervous System
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Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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consists of nerves and ganalia the channel impulses from the central nervous system
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Neurons
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primary functional units of the nervous system (specialized to conduct action potentials along great distances at high speeds)
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Neuroglia
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support cells of nevous tissue that protect, nourish, and promote neuron function
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Cell Body
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aka- soma: the part of the neuron containing the nucleus and most of the cells organelles
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neurofibrils
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cytoskeletal elements---they function in support and intracellular support
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Nisil Bodies
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elaborate, rough endoplasmic reticulum involved in metabolic activities of the cell
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dendrites
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tiny "branch looking" arms extending away from the cell body
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Axon Hillock
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it is at the cone-shaped junction between the axon and the cell body
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Myelin Sheath
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when th axon is wrapped with an external covering
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Axon Terminals
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small processes at the end of he axon and its axon collaterals
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Synaptic Vesicles
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Enclose the neurotransmitters and release them by exocyosis
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Synaptic Cleft
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The small space where neuroransmitters diffuse across
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Receptors
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Detects changes in the environmnent, such as temperature ot pressure against the skin
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Sensory (afferent) Neurons
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Carries the information from the receptors to form action potential to the Central Nervous System
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Interneuron (association neuron)
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carries impulses to other interneurons for integration
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Motor (efferent) Neuron
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Carries it away from the Central Nervous System to terminate at an effector (such as a muscle or gland)
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Multipolar Neurons
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(e.g. motor neurons) have numerous processes, including a single axon and many denrites
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Bipolar Neuron
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Neuron with one axon and one dendrite on either side of the cell body
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Unipolar Neuron
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A neuron with just one process, the axon
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Neurolemma
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When most of the cytoplasm and the cell's nucleus is pushed to the outermost layer of the seath, forming a small bulge
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Node of Ranvier
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the gap between each segment which exposes the axon to the extracellular space
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Four Main Regions of the Brain:
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Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Deiencephalon, and the Brain Stem
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Cranial Nerves
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carry impulses to and from the brain---they extend from parts of the brain
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Cerebrum
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The largest and most prominent part of the brain It recieves and interprets sensry information, memory, thought, personality, intelect, and skeleta muscle control.
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Longitudinal Fissure
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Deep dowfold that separates the cerebrum into two parts; the right and left cerebral hemispheres
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Transverse Fissure
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Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
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Central Sulcus
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Divides the Frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
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Cerebral Cortex
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The outermost fringe of the cerebrum
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Association Fibers
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extend to areas within the same hemisphere
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Commisural Fibers
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Extend between the two hemispheres
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Projection Fibers
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Ascend or descend through the brain
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Corpus Callosum
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Promient tract within the commisural fibers
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Basal Ganglia
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Control semiconscious muscle movements and participate in the limbic system (aka emotional functions of the brain)
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Cerebellum
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inferior to the cerebrum in the cranial cavity
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Vermis
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Separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres. (resembling a 'worm')
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Diencephalon
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Located within the center of the brain; inferior to he cerebrum. Contains three main parts: the thalamus, hypothalmus, and the epithalmus
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Thalamus (inner chamber)
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The largest part of the diencephalon, forms about 80% of its totally mass. Involved in conciousnes , emotions, learning, and memory.
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Hypothalamus
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Inferior to the thalamus. A small rough triangular region containing important nuclei (that is necessary for bodily functios, e.g.- hunger, thirst, emoition, behavior, temp. control and other hormonal activities)
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Infundibulum
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Narrow stock connecting the hypothalmus and the pituitary gland
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Optic Chiasma
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Where the optic nerves from each eyeball cross before continuing to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
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Epithalamus
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Small area superior to the thalamus. It is dominated by the pineal gland (an endocrine gland)
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Brain Stem
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The inferior stemlike part of the brain that connects the higher parts of the brain with the spinal cord. Consits of 3 parts: the midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblongata
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Midbrain
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the superior part ot the brain stem. Contains myelinted fibers that connect the upper and lower brain regions. Also contains colliculli that regulate eye, head and trunk movements.
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Cerebral Peduncles
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bundles of myelinated fibers that connect the upper and lower brain regions.
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Corpora Quadrigemina
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contains the superior colliculli and the inferior colliculli
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Superior Colliculli
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clusters of gray matter that regulate reflexes in the eye, head and trunk.
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Inferior Colliculli
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reflexes associated with auditory stimuli.
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Pons
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An expanded portion of the brain stem inferior to te midbrain and anterior to the cerebellum. Contains reflex centers associated with breathing.
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Medulla Oblongata
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The inferiormost part of the brain, connecting to the spinal cord through the foramen magnum. Contains reflex centers associated with: coughing, sneezing and vomiting.
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Cranial Bones
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How the brain is protected fro physical injury
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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Membranes that surround the brain
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Meninges
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Deep to the cranial bones. Contains 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
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Dura Mater
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The outermost meningeal layer. Consits of tough outer periosteal layers attached to the cranium.
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Arachnoid Mater
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Deep to the dura mater. Consists of numerous protien fibers that form a matrix resembling a spiders web.
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Pia Mater
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The deepest of the menigeal layers and also the thinnest. This clings to the outer surface of the cerebral cortex.
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Meningitis
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Infection or inflamation of the meninges
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Choroid Plexus
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Forms the capillary networks, which are located within 4 brain cavities known as the ventricles
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Interventricular Foramen
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The channel segment between the lateral ventricle and third ventricle
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Hydrocephalus
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When cerebrospinal fluid accumulates and puts damaging pressure on the brain.
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Mixed Nerves
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Contain sensory and motor neurons
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Spinal Relfexes
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simple neural pathways that bypass the brain
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Foramen Magnum
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Extends though the vertebral canal and goes between vertebrae L1 and L2
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Epidural Space
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A narrow space filled with fat, the provides cusioning in case of sudden movements
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Cauda Equina
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Nerves arising from th inferior portion of the spinal cord that extend downard
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