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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Activated monomer
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A monomer whose free energy has been increased by being linked to a carrier molecule
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Amphipathic molecules
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Molecule having spatially separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
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Asymmetric carbon
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Carbon atom that has four different substituents. Two different stereoisomers are possible for each asymmetric carbon atom in an organic molecule.
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Bond energy
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Amount of energy required to break one mole of a particular chemical bond
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Calorie
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Unit of energy; amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius
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Carrier molecule
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A molecule that joins to a monomer, thereby activating the monomer for a subsequent reaction
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Cellulose
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Structural polysaccharides present in plant cell walls, consisting of repeating glucose units linked by beta 1->4 bonds
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Chitin
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Structural polysaccharide found in insect exoskeletons and crustacean cells; consists of N-acetylglucosamine unites linked by beta 1->4 bonds.
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Condensation reaction
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Chemical reaction that results in the joining of two molecules by the removal of a water molecule.
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Covalent bond
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Strong chemical bond in which two atoms share two or more electrons
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Denaturation
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Loss of the natural three-dimentional structure of a macromolecule, usually resulting in a loss of its biological activity; caused by agents such as heat, extremes of pH, urea, salt, and other chemicals.
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Directionality
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Having two ends that are chemically different from each other; used to describe a polymer chain such as a protein, nucleic acid, or carbohydrate; also used to describe membrane transport systems that selectively transport solutes across a membrane in one direction
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Electronegativity
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Property of an atom that tends to draw electrons toward it.
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Functional groups
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Group of chemical elements covalently bonded to each other that confers characteristic chemical properties upon any molecule to which it is covalently linked
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Glycogen
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highly branched storage polysaccharide in animal cells; consists of glucose repeating subunits linked by alpha 1->4 bonds and alpha 1->6 bonds
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Hydrocarbon
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An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms; not generally compatible with living cells
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Hydrogen bond
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Weak attractive interaction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is covalently linked to a second electronegative atom
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Hydrolysis
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Reaction in which a chemical bond is broken by the addition of a water molecule
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Hydrophilic
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Describing molecules or regions of molecules that readily associate with or dissolve in water because of a preponderance of polar groups. "Water-loving"
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Hydrophobic
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Describing molecules or regions of molecules that are poorly soluble in water because of preponderance of non-polar groups. "water-hating"
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Hydrophobic interaction
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Tendency of hydrophobic groups to be excluded from interactions with water molecules.
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Ionic bond
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attractive force between a positively charged chemical group and a negatively charged chemical group
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Macromolecule
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Polymer built from small repeating monomer units, with molecular wights ranging from a few thousand to hundreds of millions
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Molecular chaperones
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A protein that facilitates the folding of other proteins but is not a component of the final folded structure
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Monomer
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Small organic molecule that serves as a subunit in the assembly of a macromolecule
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Noncovalent bonds and interactions
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Binding forces that do not involve the sharing of electrons; examples include ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic interactions
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Phospholipids
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Lipid possessing a covalently attached phosphate group and therefore exhibiting both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties; main component of the lipid bi-layers that forms the structural backbone of all cell membranes
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Polypeptide
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Linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
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Renaturation
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Return of a protein from a denatured state to the native conformation determined by its amino acid sequence, usually accompanied by restoration of physiological function
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Specific heat
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amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of substance on degree Celsius
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Starch
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Storage polysaccharide in plants consisting of repeating glucose subunits. The two main forms of starch are the unbranched pollysaccharide, amylose, and the branched polysaccharide, amylopectin.
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Stereoisomers
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Two molecules that have the same structural formula but are not superimposable; stereoisomers are mirror images of each other.
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Van der Waals interaction
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Weak attractive interaction between two atoms caused by transient asymmetries in the distribution of charge in each atom
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Dalton, or atomic mass unit
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the standard unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass).
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Electrostatic interaction
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Coulomb's law: The fundamental law of electrostatics stating that the force between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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Membrane lipid bilayer
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a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around cells. The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing into areas where they should not be. Natural bilayers are usually composed of phospholipids, which have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails each. When phospholipids are exposed to water, they arrange themselves into a two-layered sheet (a bilayer) with all of their tails pointing toward the center of the sheet.
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Membrane proteins
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constitute one of the three main protein classes, with the other classes being the fibrous and globular proteins. Membrane proteins are attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
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Polymer
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a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits, known as monomers. Because of their broad range of properties,[4] both synthetic and natural polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life.[5] Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene (of styrofoam) to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function.
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Spheres of hydration
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When solutes are dissolved in water, many water molecules cluster around each solute molecule(attracted by polarity) This keeps the solute dispersed in the fluid. The water molecules in these "spheres" are tied up and not free to cross a water permeable membrane.
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