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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 Filamentous proteins |
actin, myosin, tubulin |
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Cilia function by _________. |
beating in a rhythmic motion |
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Cilia are about ______ um in diameter. |
.25 |
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chief feature of the internal structure of a cilium; a bundle of microtubules and their associated proteins that extends from the base to the tip of the cilium |
axoneme |
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Within the axoneme, the microtubules are arranged in a distinct pattern of _____ doublets in a ring around a central pair of single microtubules, also known as the ______. |
nine; 9+2 array |
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The microtubules of the 9+2 array extend from the cilium proper into the main part of the cytoplasm where each joins to a ______. |
Basal body |
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short cylinder of parallel microtubules with the same outer diameter and nine-fold symmetry as the axoneme itself |
basal body |
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Unlike the axoneme, the _____ contains a ring of nine fused "triplet" microtubules with no pair of microtubules as its core. |
basal body |
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Ciliary movement is produced by bending of the axoneme, stimulated by ____ and ____. |
Calcium and ATP |
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Two drugs that inhibit the addition of tubulin monomers to growing microtubules |
colchicine and colcemid |
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Prevents the cycling of monomers by stabilizing the microtubules and thus using up free tubulin in the cytoplasmic pool. |
taxol |
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inhibits cellular protein synthesis by blocking ribosomal translocation along the mRNA |
cycloheximide |
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Eukaryotic cilia and flagella contain long doublet microtubules bridges by ______. |
Dynein motors |
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Ciliary and flagellar beating are produced by controlled sliding of outer _______. |
doublet microtubules |
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Two sets of dynein arms project from each A tubule. The outer dynein arms are __-headed and the inner dynein arms are __-headed. |
3 and 2 |
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The outer doublets are connected by _______ links. |
Nexin |
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The A tubules of the outer doublets connect to the central region by ______ whose thickened ends terminate near the central pair of singlets. |
radial spokes |
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The (__) ends of the doublets lie at the tip of the cilium or flagellum. |
+ |
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Motor proteins move other proteins, organelle, cells, etc. by ______. |
hydrolyzing ATP |
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two classes of motor proteins that "walk" along the surface of microtubules |
kinesins and dyneins |
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motor protein that moves cargo toward the (+) end of the microtubule |
kinesins |
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motor protein that moves cargo toward the (-) end of the microtubule |
dyneins |
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move cargo toward the (-) end of the microtubule within the cell |
cytoplasmic dynein |
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associated with special microtubule arrays in cilia and flagella |
axonemal dynein |
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______ couples hydrolysis of ATP to a conformational change. The change in conformation generates force and movement |
dynein |
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_______ makes adjacent microtubule slide past each other, which changes the shape of the flagella or cilia. |
dynein |
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______ links are important for keeping the microtubules from sliding too far. |
Nexin |
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Two major classes of tubulin in microtubules |
alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin |
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Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin form stable _______. |
heterodimers |
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alpha beta- heterodimers polymerize into _______. |
microtubules |
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In porcine brain, alpha-tubulin is ____ amino acids, beta-tubulin is _____ amino acids. |
450,455 |
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Eukaryotes have a third type of tubulin called _______ that is involved in microtubule assembly. |
gamma-tubulin |
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Microtubules elongate preferentially at the (___) end |
+ |
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Microtubule polymerization will only occur if heterodimer concentration is above the _______ |
critical concentration |
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___ must be present for microtubule polymerization because it is hydrolyzed by beta-tubulin after polymerization |
GTP |
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_____ temperature favors microtubule polymerization |
increasing |
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Optimal pH for microtubule polymerization |
6.8 |
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Calcium concentrations that favor microtubule polymerization |
10^-8 - 10^-6 |
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provide "long term" regulation in cells |
microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) |
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inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that degrades cyclic AMP |
caffeine |
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used to treat gout |
colchicine |
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binds heterodimers and prevents polymerization |
vinblastine, vincristine, and nocodazole |
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2 kinds of stabilizing proteins |
side-binding proteins and (+) end-binding proteins |
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2 kinds of destabilizing proteins |
kinesin-13 and stathmin |
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The light reactions of chloroplasts occur in and on the ________ of the chloroplast. |
internal membranes |
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Photosynthesis occurs on the _____ membrane. |
thylakoid |
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The green color of plants is due to the green color of ______, which is localized in the _______. |
chlorophyll, thylakoid |
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A _____ is a stack of adjacent thylakoids. |
granum |
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The _____ is the space enclosed by the inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids. |
stroma |
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Stages 1-3 of photosynthesis occur in the ______ |
thylakoid membrane |
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Stage 4 of photosynthesis occurs in the ______. |
stroma |
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_______ and _______ was used to fractionate chloroplasts. |
differential centrifugation and density gradient (rate-zonal) centrifugation |
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In ___________, a mixture is spun long enough to sediment the larger particles, which collect as a pellet at the bottom of the tube. The smaller particles remain in the supernatant and can be removed. |
differential centrifugation |
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In __________, a mixture is spun just long enough to separate molecules that differ in mass but may be similar in shape and density into discrete zones within a density gradient commonly formed by a concentrated sucrose solution (percol). |
rate-zonal centrifugation |
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The positive end of an electrode |
anode |
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the negative end of an electrode |
cathode |
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denatures proteins by disrupting charge and hydrophobic interactions |
SDS |
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binding of ______ gives the protein a large, overall negative charge |
SDS |
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changes the shape and charge of the protein, and makes it easier to compare different proteins based on their mass |
SDS |
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polyacrylamide gels are made from these two chemicals |
acrylamide and bis-acrylamide |
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The _____ polymerizes into a long chain while the ______ crosslinks the acrylamide chains. |
acrylamide; bis-acrylamide |
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The _______ of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide determine the pore size of the gel and the stiffness of the gel. |
concentration |
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SDS-PAGE separates proteins primarily based on their ______. |
masses |
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A common approach to improve the resolution of protein separation is to use a ________. |
Stacking gel |
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The concentration of ______ determines the range of proteins that can be analyzed. |
acrylamide |
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_______ precipitation increases protein concentration |
acetone |
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Intact chloroplasts are ______ dense that broken chloroplasts |
more |
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Two functions of SDS in SDS-PAGE |
denatures proteins and changes the charge of the protein to a negative charge |
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In SDS-PAGE, the protein migrates toward the ____ electrode. |
positive |
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purpose of heating the protein samples to 95 degrees celsius before loading the cell |
denatures protein |
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The reducing agent buffer for SDS-PAGE reduces what kinds of bonds? |
disulfide bonds |
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Disulfide bonds aren't broken by SDS and heat alone because they are ______. |
covalent |