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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the solution
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200g
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22. In oxidative phosphorylation, ATP production is coupled to the events in the electron-transport chain. What is accomplished in the final electron transfer event in the electron-transport chain?
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O2 is reduced to H2O.
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23. Stage 2 of photosynthesis, sometimes referred to as the dark reactions, involves the reduction of CO2 to produce organic compounds such as sucrose. What cofactor is the electron donor for carbon fixation?
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NADPH
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Name at least three different functions of membrane proteins?
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transporters
anchors receptors enzymes |
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Describe a method to study ion channel activity
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patch clamp- a tiny electrode is sealed into a patch of cell membrane, thereby making it possible to record the flow of current through individual ion channels in the patch.
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which process is involved in the nutritional utilization of fatty acids in cells and where does that process occur in animal and plant cells?
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B- oxidation --> occurs in mitochondria and peroxysomes
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Describe two major outcomes of the citric acid cycle
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generates NADH by oxidizing acetyl groups to CO2
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What is the source of electrons for the mitochondial and chloroplastic electron transport chin?
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glucose: electron acceptor NAD+
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What is produced in the light reaction of photosyntheisis
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light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH
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which of the following are second messengers
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Ca+2 IP3 cAMP DAG
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what are the four major form of intercellular signaling
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endocrine
paracrine contact-dependent neuronal |
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what are the three classes of cell surface receptors
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enzyme
ion channel g-protein |
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what is the characteristic for the plus and minus end of actin filaments
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plus end- usually growth (polymerization)
minus- growth occurs here less often |
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name at least two types of cytoskeletal drugs and how they act
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taxol- stabalizes microtubule
colchicine - prevents polymerization |
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name and describe proteins associated with cytoskeleton
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dynein-move things to - end
kinesin-move things to + end myosin I- transport vessicle myosin II- contractions |
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what are the elements of the spindle apparatus
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aster filaments
kinetochore interpolar filaments |
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which nucleotide has more stable bonds
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GC
3 h bonds |
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name cell junctions
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tight junctions
desmosomes hemidwsmosomes adherance junctions gap juntions |
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name proteins of exracellular matrix
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collagen
elastin fibronectin |
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what are clathrin, COPI and COPII
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help in vessicle formation
als determine what kind of vessicle is make caltrin and adaptin1- glgi to ER clathrin and adaptin 2- phospholipid to ER cop-> recycling |
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what is PCR?
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uses taq, nucleotides, and primers to amplify desired DNA.
95o>dna made single standed 55o > annealinf temp: primers attach 72o > optimum temperature for taq polymerase after 3ed cycle 2 dna of desired length |
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describe briefly three main chromotographic principles by which proteins can be purified
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gel filtration- innert matrix with pores
ion exchange- charged matrix affinity chromotography - innert matrix covalently bound to ligand |
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what is the difference between genomic and cDNA clones
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cDNA- made from mRNA by suning reverse transcriptase
-contains whole gene with no introns has polt t tail good for overexpressing genomic -intorns and exons no gurantee that here in complete |
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name at least four different types of microscopy
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dark field
diffferential contrast laser scanning fluorescence electron scanning electron transmission inverted |
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describe the thee protein import mechanism
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1. gated = movement through nuclear pore by using nuclear transport protein
2. transmembrane- targetting sequence on protein is ecognzed by trasnporter protein and moved to correct location vessicle transport= vessicle containing protein is created and moved |
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what is an action potential
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electrical wave moving across membrane
gradients across membrane cause ion channels to open or close |
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give examples for gated, transmembrane, and vessicle trasnport
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gated= nuclear pores, nuclear transport protein bind to cargo, goes into nuclear, releases cargo, moves back to cystol
vessicel trsnaport= LDL colesterol is bound by adaptin ; clathrin creates a vessicle, vessicle moves to endosome, gives content to lysosome, empty vesicle fuss with cell membrane transmembrane - protein has targetting sequence, gets moved to membrane, sequence cleaved off |
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describe briefly the molecular forces that govern interactions between molecules
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1. wander waal interactions =electrical interactions
2. covalent bond=sharing of electron 3. ionic bond=transfer of electron 4. hydrogen bond= hydrogen bound to another small negatively charged molecule (ONF) |
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what are the three classes of cell surface receptors
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enzyme
ion channel g-protein |
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which factors are essential for maintenance of cellular organization?
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-cell communication
selective cell-cell adhesion cell memory |
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what are induced pluripotent stem cells
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-adult cell that was genetically reprogramed to an embryonic stem cell-like state by being force to express genes and factors
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what are embryonic stem cells?
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cells obtained from an embryo in blastula phase
pluripotent=can differentiate into any cell self replicating |
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oncogens?
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altered gene
act in dominant fashion to make cells cancerous |