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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
characteristics of living things?
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1. take in and use energy
2. sense and respond to changes in env. 3. grow and reproduce 4. consist of one or more cells 5. maintain homeostasis |
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Robert Hooke
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coined the word "cells"; examined cork
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Leeuwenhoek
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protozoa and bacteria
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Brown
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discovery of the nucleus
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Schleiden and Schwann
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cell theory
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Bacteria lack what?
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cell nucleus and cell organelles
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Karyon
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kernel or nucleus
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pro means what?
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before
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Eu means what?
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well or true
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organisms whose cells have a nucleus
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eukaryotes
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all cells contain ___ copies of DNA
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identical
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How are cells different from each other?
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they express different genes
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All differentiated cell types are generated during _____ _____ from a ____ _____ ___ cell
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embryonic development; single fertilized egg cell
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genome
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entire genetic information in a cell's DNA
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DNA provides what to the cell?
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genetic program that instructs the cell how to function and how to grow into an organism
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species that live in soil or make us ill
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eubacteria
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found in harsh environments
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archaebacteria
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controls movement of subs. in and out of cell, maintains cytoplasmic comp, volume
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membrane
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master control center containing DNA instructions for cell building, structure and function
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nucleus
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double membrane system that keeps water soluble substances from moving freely in and out of the nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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all the cellular parts, particles and semi-fluid substances enclosed by plasma membrane except for nucleus
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cytoplasm
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fluid portion of nucleus interior
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nucleoplasm
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RNA and protein are combined to make subunits of ribosomes
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nucleolus
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assemble polypeptide chains
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ribosomes
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routes and modifies newly formed polypeptide chains
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ER
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modifies polypeptide chains into mature proteins, sorts and ships proteins and lipids for secretion or use inside cell
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golgi apparatus
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intracellular digestion, excretion, helps recycle material
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lysosome
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produce ATP
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mitochondria
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microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments that give shape to the cell, support cell and organize and move its internal components
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cytoskeleton
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hydrogen peroxide generated and degraded
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peroxisomes
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large green organelles found only in plants and algae
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chloroplast
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possess internal stacks of membranes containing the green pigment chlorophyll
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chloroplasts
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trap the energy of sun and use this to drive the manufacture of energy-rich sugar molecules
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chlorophyll
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contain their own DNA, reproduce by dividing in two and are thought to have evolved from bacteria
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chloroplasts
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rod-shaped bacterial cell that lives in the gut of humans and other vertebrates
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E. coli
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small weeds grown indoors, produces thousands of offspring per plant in 8-10 weeks
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arabidopsis thaliana
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used in classical study of genetics
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drosophila and c elegans
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chains of chemical subunits held end to end
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polymeric molecules
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combination of elements
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matter
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smallest particle of an element that retains distinctive chemical properties
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atom
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atoms linked together in groups
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molecules
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hold atoms together in molecules
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chemical bonds
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donates electrons
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positively charged ion
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accepts electrons
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negatively charged ion
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share a pair of electrons
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covalent bonds
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molecule held together by polar covalent bonds; has no net charge
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hydrogen bonding
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small and large carbon compounds
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organic molecules
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all other molecules including water
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inorganic
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functional groups:
OH NH2 COOH PO3- CO C=O |
hydroxyl
amino carboxyl phosphate ketone carbonyl |
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four major families of organic molecules
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sugars
fatty acids amino acids nucleotides |
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simplest sugars
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monosaccharides
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molecules with same formula but different structures
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isomers
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has central role as an energy source for cells
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glucose
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mirror-image pairs of molecules
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optical isomers
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polysaccharides
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glycogen, starch
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most abundant polysaccharide on earth
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cellulose
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linear polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine; makes up insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls
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chitin
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smaller oligosaccharides are covalently linked to proteins
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glycoproteins
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fatty acid parts
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long hydrocarbon chain-hydrophobic
carboxylic acid group-hydrophilic |
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both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
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amphipathic
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Why do organisms require a continual supply of energy to exist?
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because thy create order out of disorder inside their cells
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How is life is thermodynamically possible (even though it appears that living things defy the second law of thermodynamics)?
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cells in living things release heat to the environment and thereby increase disorder
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What does photosynthesis do?
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Convert light energy into heat energy and chemical bond energy
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Energetically favorable reaction
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glucose-1-P --> glucose 6-P
sucrose --> glucose + fructose ATP --> ADP + P glucose + O2 --> 6CO2 + H2O (respiration) sucrose --> CO2 + H2O |
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How does an enzyme speed up a reaction?
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It lowers the activation energy of a reaction.
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T/F. Reactions cannot be coupled without enzymes.
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True
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T/F The temperature increase required to speed up a reaction by an appreciable extent is often huge. Therefore, enzymes are more favorable to heat.
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True
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T/F Enzymes catalyze a limited number of reactions, while heat affects all the reactions in a cell.
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True
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T/F enzymes change the equilibrium of biochemical reactions.
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False
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What are energetically favorable reactions?
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Those that decrease the free energy of a system.
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What is a common means of providing energy to an energetically unfavorable reaction in a cell?
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coupling ATP hydrolysis (energetically favorable rxn) to the reaction
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the part of the amino acid group that determines its chemical properties
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R group
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positive delta G
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nonspontaneous; not energetically favorable
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negative delta G
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spontaneous; energetically favorable
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link amino acids together
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peptide bond
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also called polypeptides
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proteins
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consists of a backbone that supports different AA side chains
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polypeptide chains
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formed from the repeating sequence of the core atoms of the AA that form these chains
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polypeptide backbone
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give AA their unique properties
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side chains
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2 negatively charged AAs
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aspartic acid (D)
glutamic acid (E) |
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3 positive AAs
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Arginine
Lysine Histidine |
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uncharged polar
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asparagine
glutamine serine threonine tyrosine |
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covalent bonds that link carbon atoms allow what?
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free rotation of the atoms they join
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weak noncovalent bonds are responsible for what?
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constraining the folded chain that forms within proteins
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hydrophobic forces help proteins fold
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conformations
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how is free energy is minimized
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a protein generally fold into a shape
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protein's final folded structure
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conformation
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How is conformation determined?
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by its energetic considerations
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treatment with solvents that disrupt the noncovalent interactions holding the folded chain
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denaturing proteins
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once solvent is removed, protein folds bock into original conformation
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renaturing
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a pair of a-helices wrapped around one another
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coiled coil
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assist with protein folding in living cells
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molecular chaperones
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prevent newly synthesized protein chains from associating with wrong partners
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chaperones
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the first folding pattern of proteins to be discovered
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a helix (keratin)
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found in fibroin in silk
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beta sheets
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folding occurs as a result of what?
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hydrogen bonds forming between N-H and C=O groups in the polypeptide backbone
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amino acid sequence
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primary structure
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folding in the protein; a helices beta sheets
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secondary structure
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3D conformation of entire polypeptide chain
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tertiary
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complete structure of one or more polypeptide chains
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quarternary
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any segment of the polypeptide chain that can fold independently in a compact, and stable structure
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protein domain
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any region on a protein's surface that interacts with another molecule through sets of noncovalent bonds
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binding sites
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the tight binding of two folded polypeptide chains that creates a larger protein molecules; each polypeptide chain in such a protein is called
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subunit
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subunits can pack to form what shapes
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filament, tube, spherical shell
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collagen, elastin
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fibrous
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