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67 Cards in this Set
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Hydrologic cycle |
This cycle includes the precipitation of water from clouds, infiltration into the ground or runoff into surface watercourses, followed by evaporation and transpiration of the water back into the atmosphere. |
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Evapotranspiration |
The total water loss to the atmosphere by both evaporation and transpiration. |
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Transpiration |
Water lost by plants |
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Percolation |
When surface water (especially during a precipitation event) seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater. |
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Groundwater |
Water within Zone of Saturation. |
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Zone of aeration |
(Vadose zone) surface soil pore spaces contain both air and water. |
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Zone of saturation |
Below the zone of Saturation, in which the pores are filled with water. |
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Water table |
The surface of the saturated layer. |
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Aquifer |
A stratum that contains a substantial amount of groundwater. |
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Unconfined aquifer |
If a aquifer is underlain by an impervious stratum. |
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Confined aquifer |
If the stratum containing water is trapped between two impervious layers. |
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Porosity |
(Volume of voids)/(Total volume) |
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Artesian well |
A well that is tapped into a confined aquifer under pressure. |
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Specific yield |
The amount of water that can be extracted from a well. |
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Coefficient of permeability |
A FUDGE factor, an indirect measure of the ability of a soil sample to transmit water. |
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Permeameter |
consist of a soil sample through which a fluid is forced through, a Coefficient of permeability is calculated. |
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Cone of depression drawdown |
a cone shape in the water table to a pump due to an increase velocity, loss of energy, and the energy gradient increasing. |
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Softening |
removal of hardness |
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Hardness |
caused by multivalent cations (or minerals) such as calcium, magnesium, and iron that dissolve from soil and rocks (particularly limestone). Causes scale and reduces the effectiveness of soap. |
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Carbonate hardness |
Equal to the smaller of alkalinity or total hardness. |
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Non Carbonate hardness |
Equal to the difference between total hardness and carbonate hardness. |
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Coagulation |
Is the chemical alteration of the colloidal particles to make them stick together to form larger particles called flocs. |
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Flocculation |
Assists in growth of larger particles in a physical process, stirring the liquid to increase velocity between particles and having them collide more often. |
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Coagulant |
Chemicals that neutralize charges of particles and aid in making tiny particles sticky. |
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Floc |
Larger particles made from coagulation. |
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Gravity settling |
Allows heavier-than-water particles to settle to bottom. |
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Critical settling velocity |
Overflow rate. The velocity a particle has to make it fall to bottom. |
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Overflow rate |
fal/day-ft^3. Velocity of a critical particle. |
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Critical particle |
particles with lower settling velocities are not all removed and particles with higher settling velocities are all removed. |
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Rapid sand filter |
Fluid is run through a layer of sand, gravel and false floor. |
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Backwash |
Cleans a Rapid sand filter |
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Filtration rate |
Is the rate of water applied to the surface area of the filter. |
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CT |
CT-concept; Adequate disinfection is a balance between the Concentration of the disinfectant © and the contact time (T), and analysis. |
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THM |
The predominant DBPs are trihalomethanes. |
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DBP |
disinfection byproducts formed from chlorine reacting with organic matter. |
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Chlorination |
Treating water with Chlorine. |
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Fluoridation |
Removal of fluoride removal. |
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Sanitary sewer |
Large pipes flowing partially full (not under pressure). |
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Storm sewer |
Sewers designed to capture storm water. |
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Nitrification |
convert ammonia nitrogen to NO3-, nitrogen removal |
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Denitrification |
remove nutrient properties of nitrogen, nitrate converted to nitrogen gas. Ammonia to nitrate, reduce nitrogen gas by facultative and anaerobic bacteria |
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Anoxic |
sludge containing NO3 condition, microorganisms use nitrogen as electron acceptor. |
condition, microorganisms use nitrogen as electron acceptor. |
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Phosphorous removal |
accomplished by chemical or biological means, chemical requires phosphorus be fully oxidized. Chemical used for removal are lime and alum. |
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Luxury uptake |
of phosphorus followed by removal of cells from liquid stream, removing phosphorus. Cells store phosphorus in cellular material. |
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Natural systems |
Water systems cleaning water not man made |
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Lagoons |
Large bodies of water with shallow depth |
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Stabilization ponds |
consist of shallow man-made basins comprising a single or several series of anaerobic, facultative or maturation ponds. BOD removed. Facultative ponds |
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Surface flow wetlands |
resemble natural, more common, free water surface, open water. Low permeability material (clay), bottom, avoid groundwater contamination. |
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Subsurface flow wetland |
vegetated submerged bed, gravel/reed bed, replace septic systems, reduce mosquito and odor problems. |
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Primary solids |
raw primary sludge, biological and secondary sludge. |
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Sludge stabilization |
reduce problems associated with 2 of detrimental characteristics: sludge odor, putrescence, pathogenic organisms. |
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Lime stabilization |
adding lime to sludge, raise pH to about 11 or up. Reduces odor, destroys pathogens, only temporary |
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Aerobic digestion |
waste activate sludge placed in aeration tanks for long time, concentrated solids allowed to progress well into respiration phase. Net reduction in total and volatile solids. |
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Anaerobic digestion |
dissolve organisms by extracellular enzymes |
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Acid formers |
production of organic acids by a large group of anaerobic micro. |
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Methane formers |
organic acids degraded further by a group of obligate anaerobes. |
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Sludge drying beds |
dewatering, sand beds, cos-effective, consist tile drains in gravel covered by sand. Sludge dewatered poured on beds. |
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Gravity belt thickner |
sludge introduced, free water drips through moving belt. Solids retained on surface of belt. Belt moves into dewatering zone. |
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Belt filter |
operates as both a pressure filter and gravity filter. |
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Centrifuge |
sludge placed into it, solids settle out by centrifugal force. Scraped out of bowl. |
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Centrate |
decanted liquid from centrifuge |
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Cake |
dewatered solids, discharged when belts separate. Solids coming out of centrifuge. |
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Filtrate |
belt moves into dewatering zone, sludge squeezed between two belts, forced from sludge solids. |
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Dry adiabatic lapse rate |
imaginary parcel of air rises through the atmosphere it experiences lower and lower pressure so it expands. The rate is the warming or cooling. |
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Troposphere |
Troposphere: 5 km thick at poles, 18 km at equator. Temperature decreases with altitude. More than 80% of the mass of the atmosphere. |
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Stratosphere |
Stratosphere: little mixing. Temperature profile inverted. High ozone concentration. |
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Mesosphere |
Only 0.1% mass of air in layers above stratosphere |
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