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151 Cards in this Set

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What happens to period and wavelength when frequency increases

Both decrease (think more signals equals less space)

Murmur w MR and TR

Holosystolic murmur

Murmur w MVP

Mid systolic click

Murmur w AS and PS

Systolic ejection


Crescendo-decrescendo

Murmur w AI

Diastolic murmur

What is the Austin Flint murmur

Indicates AMVL flutter from AI

Murmur w PI

Diastolic murmur

Murmur w PDA

Continuous and machine-like (machinery)

Murmur w pericarditis

Pericardial rub

Heart located in __________

Mediastinum

Pulmonary circuit starts at ___ and ends on ________

Starts at PA and ends on pulm veins

Systemic circuit starts on ______ and ends on ______

Starts in AO and ends on SVC & IVC

Coronaries fill mainly in _______.


Flow goes ______ to _______

Diastole


Epic to endo

RA receives deoxygenated blood from 3 places:

SVC, IVC, coronary sinus

Lowest O2 concentration located in _______

Coronary sinus

LA receives oxygenated blood from:

The lungs via the 4 pulm veins

RV ejects blood to the _____ through what?

To the PA through the infundibulum (RVOT)

LV ejects blood to the____ through what?

To the AO through the LVOT

First 2 branches/vessels of the AO are the coronary arteries. What 2 arteries?

Sinuses of valsalva: LCA & RCA

First branch out of the AO Arch

Brachiocephalic or Innominate

Another name for innominate artery?

Brachiocephalic

Second branch off of AO Arch

Left common carotid

3rd branch off of AO Arch

Left subclavian

Two branches of brachiocephalic artery

Right subclavian


Right common carotid

Left coronary bifurcates into _____ and ______

LAD & LCX

Right coronary artery becomes _______

Right posterior descending

Leaflets of MV

Anterior & Posterior

Leaflets of TV

Anterior & posterior & septal/ medial

Leaflets of AV

Right & left & non/ posterior

Leaflets of PV

Right & left & anterior

The_______ is a continuation of the posterior AO root

AMVL

What is the most anterior chamber of the heart?

RV

What is the most anterior major vessel of the heart?

PA

What is the oxygen content of the right side and left side of the heart?

Right- 75%


Left- 95-100%

What is the oxygen content of the coronary sinus

Lowest O2 content in body <60%

Frank starling law explains what?

What comes in must come out

Frank starling law increases fiber length/ tension T/F

True

Vaso- vasorum means

Vessels of vessels

Preload= volume overload and results in:

Results in regurgitation and dilatation

Afterload= pressure overload and results in:

Results in stenosis and hyperteophy

B-bump or B-notch indicates what?

Increased LVEDP

Where is B-bump or B-notch seen?

On M-mode of MV after A wave/point

The heart is a single tube around day _____ and forms completely by ____ days

Tube at 22 days, completely formed by 43 days

Foramen Ovale becomes:

Fossa Ovale/Ovalis

Is foramen ovale/ fossa ovale remains open it becomes:

PFO

Ductus arteriosus becomes:

Ligmentum arteriosum

If ductus arteriosus/ ligamentum arteriosum remains open, it becomes:

PDA

CO formula =

HR x SV / 1000

Define cardiac output

Amount of blood ejected w every minute

Stroke volume formula =

EDV- ESV

Define Stroke volume

Amount of blood ejected w every heartbeat

What % of the max heart rate do we need for stress testing?

85%

Max HR formula=

220-age

Marfan’s is a _____ disorder and consists of what findings?

Connective tissue disorder


MVP


Dilated aorta

Down's syndrome/ Trisomy 21 consists of what findings?

AV canal


ASD


VSD

Noonan's syndrome is associated w______

PS

Ehlers Danlo’s syndrome is a


_______ disorder and consists of what finding(s)?

Connective tissue disorder


Dilatation of aorta

Kawasaki's syndrome is due to

Coronary aneurysms (think Micky Mouse in children)

Takayatsu's arteritis is associated w:

Multiple coarctations

What causes MS

Rh fever


Parachute MV


Double orifice MV

Describe MS 2D findings

Hockey stick


Dilated LA


Blood stasis/SEC/ smoke


Thrombus formation in LAA


PHTN


RHF


Normal/small LV

MS will demonstrate a velocity of _____

>1.3 m/s and will be mosaic in color

MVA formula =

220/PHT

Severe MS grading:

<1cm2


>10 mmHg

What are the causes of MR?

MV apparatus (leaflets, chordae, annulus, papillary muscles, LV free wall below annulus)


Dilated LV, MVP, veggies, thrombus, masses

2D findings with MR

Dilated LA and anything that could cause MR

What are the causes of AS?

Degenerative & calcification & BAV

2D findings with AS:

LVH, post stenotic dilatation of AO, dilated LA


Thick/calcified leaflets, sclerosis, dining

Velocity is _____ with AS

>1.8 m/s or 2 and mosaic in color

What is the formula for AVA

LVOTd x .785 x LVOT TVI / AV TVI

How to calculate pressure based on Bernoulli's?

4V^2 (use any velocity, can be TR, PI, AI, MR)

What are the causes of AI?

Dilatation Endocarditis


Marfan's Stenosis


Dissection Trauma

What are 2D findings with AI?

Stressing for AI: dissection, diastolic flutter of AMVL, LV dilatation

What are the causes of AI?

Dilatation Endocarditis


Marfan's Stenosis


Dissection Trauma

With severe AI, what valves open and close early?

MV closes early, AV opens early

What are the causes for PS?

Congenital> TOF, noonans, pulm atresia


What is the Fontan procedure

Done fore TV and PV atresia


Done for hypoplastic LV & RV

The goal of the Fontan procedure is to do what?

Redirect vena cava blood flow to pulmonary artery

What is the Mustard procedure?

Done for transposition of the great vessels (TGA)

What is the goal of the Mustard procedure

Redirect vena cava flow to the LA> LV> Lungs

Why is the Senning procedure done?

Done for TGA


Known as atrial switch

Why is the Jatene procedure done?

Done for TGA


Known as arterial switch

Ball in cage is known as the __________ prosthetic valve

Ball in cage= Starr-Edwards

St Jude is knows as __________ prosthetic calve

St Jude= bileaflet

Tilting disk is known as ________ prosthetic valve

Tilting disk= Bjork- Shiley

Medtronic Hall is a __________ type of prosthetic valve

Mechanical

The Carpentier-Edward is known as a ________ valve

Bioprosthetic

With prosthetics, velocity of flow will be higher than normal T/F?

T

What are prosthetic valves likely to develop?

Endocarditis Pannus


Thrombus formation


Dehiscence Artifacts

P- wave =

Atrial kick

QRS =

Vent depolarization (vent systole)

T wave =

Vent repolarization (vent diastole)

Order of electrical pathway through the heart

SA node>AV node>Bundle of His>Rt/Lt bundle branches>Purkinje network

What is normal sinus rhythm: beats and on EKG

60-100 bpm


UprightP waves following QRS, Lead 2

HR below 60 means what?

Bradycardia

HR above 100 means what?

Tachycardia

_____ valves open after IVRT

AV valves-MV & TV

______ valves open after IVCT

Semilunar valves- AV & PV

IVRT consists of a pressure change while volume does not change. The pressure in the ________ drops below the pressure in the ________

Ventricles


Atria

During IVCT, pressure changes but volume stays the same. All valves are ______

ALL valves closed

During IVCT the pressure in the ________ is higher than the pressure in the _______

Ventricles


Aorta and PA

EDV is measured on the _____ wave of the EKG

R wave

ESV is measured on the _____ wave in EKG

T wave

What does COCO stand for?

MV & TV Close


AV & PV Open


AV & PV Close


MV & TV Open

What is the best view to visualize an ASD?

Subcostal

What is the most common ASD?

Secundum

Where is secundum ASD locates?

Fossa ovale area, mid-septum

This type of ASD is associated with AV canal

Primum

Where is a primum ASD located?

Close to AV valves

Describe Fetal circulation: foramen ovale

Increase in LAP closes flap and foramen ovale becomes fossa ovalis. If it doesn’t close it becomes the patent foramen ovale PFO

Describe fetal circulation: ductus arteriosus

Ductus arteriosus closes and becomes ligament in arteriosum within 21 after baby is born. If it does not close it becomes patent ductus arteriosus PDA

Visceral layer of the heart continuous with _______

Continuous with epicardium

Visceral _________


Parietal _________

Inner


Outer

Layers of the parietal

Epi-Myo -Endo

Most anterior chamber of the heart?

RV

Most anterior chamber of the heart?

RV

Most posterior chamber of the heart?

LA

Most right sided chamber of the heart

RA

Most inferior chamber of the heart?

LV

Name the 2 grooves

1- AV/atrioventricular groove


2-interventricular groove known as coronary sulcus

Name the 2 grooves

1- AV/atrioventricular groove


2-interventricular groove known as coronary sulcus

What does the coronary sinus drain into?

RA

Pulmonary circulation begins and ends where?

Starts PA and ends in plum veins. Low pressure

Systemic circulation begins and ends where

Starts in Aorta and ends in IVC/SVC

_______carry blood to the heart

Veins

_______carry blood to the heart

Veins

_______ carry blood away from the heart

Arteries

Think Ateries Away

What are the first vessels of the ascending aorta?

RCA and LCA

It is not true that all veins carry oxygenated blood

False

Stroke due to one thing from the left side can be due to an embolic event. T/F

False- left side stroke cannot be due to clots from the legs or embolic events because they involve the right side only

Where is the aortic isthmus? What commonly occurs here?

Aortic isthmus is the area of the descending aorta just after the left subclavian artery. It is common for coarctations to occur here

Coronary arteries fill mainly in _________

Diastole (think Mercedes Benz sign- valve must be closed)

In general, RCA feeds what wall/s?

Inferior

In general, LAD feeds what wall/s?

LAD= Triple A


Anterior, Anteroseptal, Apical

In general, LAD feeds what wall/s?

LAD= Triple A


Anterior, Anteroseptal, Apical

In general, LCX feeds what wall/s?

Later walls

Eustachian=________

Fossa

Eustachian=________

Fossa

Thebesian=_________

Coronary sinus

Infundibulum refers to what region?

The region in the RVOT just before the pulmonic valve

Pulmonary veins drain into the______

LA

____________ is a continuation of the AMVL

Posterior aortic root

What view visualizes the posterior leaflet of the TV?

RVIF view is the only view to visualize the posterior leaflet

What are the LV walls visualized in PLAX?

Anteroseptal and inferolater


Cannot visualize apical wall segment

B bump on MVIF pattern is indicative of ________

Increased LVEDP

QRS

Back (Definition)

What happens during IVCT and IVRT

No volume change


All valves closed

Systole last from _____ to________

J point to end of T wave

Systole last from _____ to________

J point to end of T wave

Diastole lasts from ________ to _______

End of T wave to R wave

The purpose of Ca during IVRT is to initiate what?

Cardiac contraction


Ca ions increase cardiac contraction