Ccbc Co-Op Bio Chapter 04

Front 1

autotroph

Back 1

Organism that is able to make its own food

Front 2

heterotroph

Back 2

Organism that depends upon other organisms for food

Front 3

ATP

Back 3

adenosine triphoshate

phosphorous-containing compound that stores energy.

Front 4

ADP

Back 4

adenosine diphosphate
Molecule produced when ATP is split
Yields energy

Front 5

photosynthesis

Back 5

Converting light energy into stored chemical energy
Essential step between solar energy and life
Produces oxygen and glucose

Front 6

chlorophyll

Back 6

The green pigment of plant cells that is necessary for photosynthesis.
Function- absorb light

Front 7

light-dependent phase
(1st phase of photosynthesis)

Back 7

-light reactions (light energy required)
-input of sunlight and H2O
-light energy absorbed
-breaks apart H20 (photolysis)

Front 8

light-independent phase
(2nd phase of photosynthesis)

Back 8

-dark phase (doesn't need light; can be dark or light)
-requires carbon dioxide and RuBP
-takes place in the stroma

produces PGAL (building block of organic compounds)

Front 9

12H2O + 6CO2 +light energy ----= C6H12O6 + 6O2

Back 9

The overall reaction for photosynthesis

Front 10

accessory pigments

Back 10

the other chlorophyll's that assist chlorophyll a

Front 11

Chlorophyll a

Back 11

The most abundant chlorophyll of green plants
The only chlorophyll that can serve as a catalyst for photosynthesis

Front 12

photolysis

Back 12

The breaking apart of water molecules by energized chlorophyll

Front 13

chemosynthesis

Back 13

The process by which certain bacteria obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic compounds

Front 14

C3 pathway

Back 14

The most common pathway of photosynthesis.
Also, known as the Calvin Cycle.

Front 15

CAM pathway

Back 15

An alternative pathway of photosynthesis.
Uses special organic molecules in plants that open their stromata at night rather than during the day.
Ex. Cacti

Front 16

C4 pathway

Back 16

An alternate pathway of photosynthesis.
Can occur during high levels of oxygen and low levels of CO2.
Ex. Corn

Front 17

cellular respiration

Back 17

Breaking down of food to release energy

Front 18

Exon-

Back 18

a nucleic sequence that is represented in the form of RNA molecule.

RNA pieces put together to form mRNA

Front 19

Ribosomal RNA-

Back 19

-the central component of the ribosome the protein -manufacturing machinery of living cells
-does not have codons or anticodons

Front 20

Intron-

Back 20

DNA regions in a gene that are not translated into proteins

Segments of RNA cut out and not used in forming mRNA

Front 21

Metabolism

Back 21

The sum of all reactions that occur in a living organism

Front 22

Codon

Back 22

A triplet of nucleotides that forms from the code for a particular amino acid on the messenger RNA.

Front 23

Messenger RNA

Back 23

The RNA molecule that carries the code for a polypeptide chain from the DNA.
-has codons

Front 24

Pyruvic acid

Back 24

The organic acid formed during glycolysis.

Front 25

Citric acid cycle

Back 25

-also called Krebs cycle.
-a series of biological reactions that occurs in the matrix of mitochondria in which electrons are transferred to coenzymes and carbon dioxide is formed.

Front 26

Acetyl CoA

Back 26

a two-carbon substance found in many cellular metabolisms.

Front 27

Hydrogen and electron transport system-

Back 27

The majority of the ATP energy is produced here. Gives off energy and combines hydrogen and oxygen to form water.

Front 28

Transfer RNA-

Back 28

The tRNA molecules are about eighty nucleotides long and are formed in the nucleus. Carries a specific amino acid to ribosome during protein synthesis.
-has anticodons

Front 29

Anticodon-

Back 29

The triplet of nucleotides on tRNA that will pair with the codon of the mRNA to line up amino acids during protein synthesis.

Front 30

Cellular fermentation:

Back 30

is the breakdown of food (usually glucose) without oxygen

Front 31

Alcoholic fermentation

Back 31

is when the pyruvic acid molecule is changed to a molecule of ethyl alcohol in a two step process,
Step one: the pyruvic acid gives off a carbon dioxide molecule converting it into a 2-carbon compound.
Step two: the 2-carbon compound takes the hydrogen ions and elections from the carrier molecule NADH (formed during glycolysis) to make ethyl alcohol the use of the hydrogen and electrons frees the transfer molecule so that it can be used again in glycolysis

Front 32

Lactic acid fermentation:

Back 32

is when pyruvic scid takes the hydrogen and electrons from the NADH produced during glycolysis freeing the transfer molecule to be used again in glycolysis to produce ATP the lactic acid gives yogurt and cheese their tart taste

Front 33

chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration

Back 33

C6H12O6 + O2 → H2O + CO2 + ATP (energy)

Front 34

Aerobic

Back 34

requiring oxygen

Front 35

Anaerobic

Back 35

Not requiring oxygen

Front 36

Glycolysis

Back 36

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.

Requires the input of glucose and ATp

Front 37

Extracellular digestion

Back 37

The breakdown a substances that occurs in spaces outside cells

Front 38

Autophagy

Back 38

The process whereby a cell forms a membrane around some of its own cellular parts and digests them.

Front 39

Translation

Back 39

The process of manufacturing an amino acid chain (polypeptides) from mRNA

Front 40

Anabolism

Back 40

the phase of metabolism that builds molecules and stores energy.
The constructive phase of metabolism

Front 41

Catabolism

Back 41

The phase of metabolism that breaks down a molecule or releases energy.
The destructive phase of metabolism.

Front 42

Intracellular digestion

Back 42

the breakdown of substances within cells

Front 43

RuBP

Back 43

is a carbon dioxide acceptor

Front 44

chemosynthesis

Back 44

The process whereby certain organisms obtain cellular energy from the breakdown of inorganic cnemicals

Front 45

Melvin Calvin

Back 45

discovered what we know about photosynthesis, worked out the details

photosynthesis = series of steps

Front 46

Joseph Priestly

Back 46

experiments with air
candle burned- used up air- killed mouse
add plant- plus light- mouse lives

Front 47

cristae

Back 47

inner folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 48

lysosomes

Back 48

"waste disposal plant"
small irregularly shaped membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes

Front 49

chloroplast

Back 49

an organelle that contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Front 50

grana

Back 50

stacks in thylakoids; membranes contain chlorophyll; photosynthesis begins here

Front 51

Phagocytosis

Back 51

the process of a cell engulfing a substance (solid material).

Front 52

Pinocytosis

Back 52

The process whereby a cell takes in fluid by forming vesicles.

Front 53

Stroma

Back 53

The site of the dark reaction of photosynthesis. The dense colorless framework of a chloroplast