Carbon & Energy Test

Front 1

Describe human induced climate change (5 marks).

Back 1

an exacerbation of thegreenhouse effect resulting from the increased concentrationof greenhouse gases in the atmosphere’· humanactivities have resulted in the increased concentration of greenhouse gases inthe atmosphere· carbonemissions· Climatesystems are complex. Multiple factors drive climate change· Landuse change has major disruptive influence on local and regional weather, and inturn climate – results causes changes in aerosals, changed surface atmospherereflective dynamics, change in clouds.

Front 2

List five types of greenhouse gases and their GWPs (5 marks).

Back 2

Co2 =GWP 1· Methane= GWP 21 (25 from 2018)· NitrousOxide = GWP 310· HFCs= 140-11,700· PFCs= 6,500-9,200· Sulphurhexafluoride (SF6) = 23,900· Nitrogentrifluoride (NF3)= 17,200

Front 3

What do the following terms and acronyms mean? (10 marks) IPCC, tCO2e, GWP, kWhr, ETS

Back 3

· IPCC – IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change – leading international body for assessment of climatechange.· tCO2e – tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent – relevant to footprint of Company– is a measure that allows you to compare emissions of other greenhouseemissions to one unit of Co2· GWP – Globalwarming potential – a measure of how much energy the emissions of one ton ofgas will absorb over time.· kWhr – kilo watt per hour · ETS – emissions trading scheme – countries and organisationreceive permits to produce a specified amount of CO2 and other greenhousegases, which they may trade with others.

Front 4

What is the difference between Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions? (5 marks)

Back 4

Scope1 Direct GHG Emissions Scope 2 is indirect GHG emissions· Scope1 are emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the organisation,Scope 2 are emission from purchased electiricty, steam or other source sourcesof energy upstream from the organisation.

Front 5

What is the difference between 1tCO2e and 1tC? (5 marks)

Back 5

· tCO2eis atmospheric carbon which is a gases form. tC is an organic form which issemi fixed. · 1tC =3.67 tCO2e and 1tCO2e = .27tC· tConly accounts for one greenhouse gas which is carbon dioxide, tco2e takes intoaccount emissions of other greenhouse gases.

Front 6

What is the difference between energy and power? (5 marks)

Back 6

· Energy is the ability to do work whereas Poweris the rate of doing work.· Energy is measured in Joules (j) and Power ismeasured in Watt (w)· Energy can be transformed from one form toanother, therefore energy can be transformed into power. Power cannot betransformed into another form.· Energy can be stored whereas power cannot be.· Energy accumulates while Power remains constant

Front 7

What are the major sources of carbon emissions globally? (5 marks)

Back 7

· Burningof fossil fuels like oil, gas and coal. Electricity production and transportindustry.· Fugitiveemissions· Agricultureactivities such as livestock (methane) and fertilising Nitrous Oxide. · Aluminiummanufacturing releasing PFCs· Mining· Organicwaste· Manufacturingof cement.· LandUse

Front 8

Which countries emit most greenhouse gas emissions? (5 marks)

Back 8

· Between 1997 and 2007 o US emitting 64,000 million tonnes, China 45,000,Russia 17,000, Japan 13000, india 12,000o Sometimes Indonesia can be quite high due toland use change and peat fies

Front 9

What are externalities? Give some examples? (5 marks)

Back 9

· Third party effects arising from production orconsumption of goods and services for which no appropriate compensation ispaid. When I buy electricity from the grid that is sourced from VictoriasLatrobe Valley the pollution made from this transaction effects the residencesof Latrobe valley but they are not compensated for it.

Front 10

What are five public policy options for dealing with climate change? (5 marks)

Back 10

· O1 commandand control – Prohibitions, technology based standards. Laws . Fuel standards. · O2 Puta price on carbon o price based approach – tax on pollutant calledprice based instrumento Quantity based approach – Cap and tradeemission trading schemes· O3 DirectAction – pay out company – shut it down – build renewables – money directed tolow carbon technologies and abatement projects· O4Adapt/Do Nothing – aim to reduce impacts of climate stressors on human andnatural systems.· O5 :silver bullets - carbon capture andstorage – Geoengineering.

Front 11

How do cap and trade schemes work? (10 marks)

Back 11

1. Governments/regulators;2. Set emission reduction targets (e.g. national targets) (the economy)3. Establish the rules for the ETS and legislate as needed4. Define which sectors and firms are covered by the scheme (thesub-economy)5. Requirethat liable firms acquire 1 permit for every tCo2ethey emit6. Ensurethere is a robust emissions accountingscheme in place7. Set a scheme cap (and trajectory) for thesub-economy to achieve the set targets8. Auction a number of permits equal to the scheme capLiablefirms then need to;1. Measure and report their emissions2. Acquire a permit for every tCo2e of their emissions3. Competewith other liable entities to acquire permits at the auction4. At theauction some get what they need, someget more, some get less5. Those who have less can buy from those who havemore (secondary trading market)6. The schememay allow for the purchase of offsetsin place of permits7. Do emissions reduction projects if cheaperthan buying permits or offsets8. Theobjective is to minimise cost ofcompliance

Front 12

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of acarbon tax versus a cap and trade scheme (5 marks).

Back 12

Quantity Based (Cap and Trade) Emission targets not always achievable due to economic uncertainty and change in price of permits May impose significant burden on the economy depending on the pledge to direct funding to public. Creates a new trading market which is difficult to monitor and administer When creating a big trading market it is susceptible to collapse. Gives opportunity for special interests to game the system. Favoured industry will receive billions of dollars of free permits Less predictable investment for industry and consumers – incentives reduce emissions at lowest cost

Price Based (Tax) Set and immediate price signal for companies and individuals to reduce emissions through efficiency and use of alternative sources Tax shifting returns revenue to public Uses existing infrastructure reduces complexity. Rather then creating new regulatory structures to monitor Tax is stable and not susceptible to price volatility. Changes can be made without disrupting the market Eliminates closed door dealings. Ensures all companies are equally responsible for their emissions Provides investment incentive for more energy efficient technology and alternative fuels

Front 13

What iscarbon capture and storage? (5 marks)

Back 13

· Involvescapturing CO2 from large industrial plants. Transporting it and then injectingit deep into rock formation. In a safe and carefully selected site. · Thisprevents large amounts of CO2 being released into the atmosphere.· Threeapproaches to CCSo Pre combustion capture – carbon converted orseparated prior to any oxidation reactiono Post Combustion capture – CO2 is formed asresult of oxidation and separated from flue gaso Oxy firing – tailored to eliminate N2 fromrelevant reaction which leads to a CO2 rich flue gas stream that is ready fortransport and storage.

Front 14

What are some examples of Direct Actionpolicies? (5 marks)

Back 14

· Grants – can promote emergent renewabletechnologies ·

Loans – Facilitate renewable energiesinnovation. Income contingent loans are most effective Subsidised loans andloan guarantees are moderately effective.·

Direct subsidy – involves explicit cost for governmentand unlikely to drive renewable uptake unless subsidies are high. ·

Feed in tariff – Most effective in acceleratingdeployment of existing technologies. Can be expensive and interfere with carbonprice

Front 15

What are some advantages and disadvantages ofDirect Action policies? (5 marks)

Back 15

Dis Advantages·

Doesn’t guarantee environmental outcome· Expensive to administer and deliver· Funds come from public purse· Can interfere with a national carbon price

Advantage·

Supports technological innovation· Targets earlystage development barriers

Front 16

Describe some sorts of climate change adaptationactions? (5 marks)

Back 16

· construction of sea walls;· building of new water reservoirs;· establishment of early warning systems;· alteration of farming practices and crop use· enhancement of water use efficiency.

Front 17

How would you categorise (according to the fivetypes of climate change response options outlined in Lecture 2) the AustralianLabour Party’s current climate policy (available for review on the courseblackboard site)? (5 marks)

Back 17

· Command and Control – Abiding by advice givenby the Climate Change Authority of having a 45-63% reduction in emissions by2030. Labour wants a renewable energy target of 50% by 2030.

· Price on Carbon – they want to use an EmissionsTrading Scheme which is Quantity basedapproach.

· Therefore Labour are taking command and controlof the situation by want to set emission reduction policy at 50% by 2030 andare wanting to take a Quantity based approach. This is all well and good butthere are a lot of disadvantages to ETS such as it can be quite expensive forGovernments to implement such a robust system. It creates quite a large marketand depending on the auction big companies can receive billions of dollars offree permits. Markets like this a vulnerable to collapse like any othermarket.

Front 18

What are CERs and why might they be important toan emissions trading scheme? (5 marks)

Back 18

· Certified Emissions reduction – form of measurement and equivalent to one tonne of CO2. Created through implementation of Clean Development MechanismProjects. Count toward meeting KyotoProtocol targets.· CERs can be used for trading in an ETS. For the ETS to be able to use CERs it has to beinternationally linked to other countries ETSs.

Front 19

In the contact of the UNFCCC process, brieflyexplain what is meant by the terms: “Common but differentiatedresponsibilities” and “Loss and damage”. (5 marks)

Back 19

· Common but differentiatedresponsibilities: refers to problems which are acommon concern for mankind – such asclimate change – the affected nations are affected to differing degrees – therefore responsibility of solutions should be differentiated –developed countries causing majority of the CO2 emissions which indirectlyadversely affect developing countries therefore developed countries should takemore responsibility in the solution process.·

Lossand Damage: In the UNFCCCprocess the term Loss and Damage refers to helping the vulnerable countries to cope with adverse effects of climatechange, when they suffer loss and damage.

Front 20

What isLULUCF and why was it important for Australia meeting its 2008-2012 emissionsreduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol? (5 marks)

Back 20

· Land Use and Land Use Change and Forestry andit was important for Australia in meeting its 2008-2012 emission reductiontarget because a provision in the Kyoto Protocol allowed net emissions fromLULUCF in 1990 to include deforestation emissions in its base year estimate.Due to Australia already having established laws into prohibiting landclearing, Australia were able to meet a bigger target without importing foreignpermits.

Front 21

Was the Chicago Climate Exchange a regulatedcarbon market? Does New Zealand have a legislated emissions trading scheme? Cana Joint Implementation project be undertaken in India? Does California have acarbon tax? Does Kazakhstan have an emissions trading scheme? (5 marks)

Back 21

· The Chicago Climate Exchange was a regulatedcap and trade scheme. The scheme was voluntary so members could comply bycutting their emissions internally, trading emission allowances or purchasingoffsets. · Yes New Zealand have a legislated ETS. It wasfirst legislated in 2008 in the Climate Response Amendment Act. Cap at 12.50per tonne.· Within joint implementation it allows a country with an emissionreduction commitment under Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to earn emissionreduction units from emission reduction or removal projects from another AnnexB Party. India is not included as they were recognised as a developing country.· Yes California passed a carbon tax in 2008 onbusinesses of 4.4cents per ton of Co2.· Yes Kazakhstand have an ETS it was launched in2013 and in its third phase in 2015.

Front 22

Are Russia and China Annex I countries under theUNFCCC? Where was COP 3 held? (5 marks)

Back 22

·COP 3 Kyoto· Russia was in Annex 11 but is now in Annex 1due to being a country that had its economy in transition. · China is recognised as a developing country thereforeit is a Non Annex 1 Party.

Front 23

What is REDD+ (5 marks)

Back 23

Reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.

· createfinancial incentive for developingcountries to reduce emissions of GHG of deforestation and forestdegradation. · + stands for everything around the forest· can also offer co benefits such as biodiversity conservation and povertyalleviation etc· Its considered a non market mechanism· Currently undertaken by national and local governments

Front 24

In which country have most CDM projects been developed?In which country has most CERs been produced? From what countries does the EUallow CERs to be supplied from? (5marks)

Back 24

· CDM (Clean Development Mechanisms) – Projectsfunded with private money to developing countries and offsets used by developedcountries· Most the CERs have been issued to projects inChina (59.5%) and China has had the most CDM Projects developed.· The EU only allow trading of CERs that arebeing generated through CDM projects implemented in Least Developing Countries.China and India will be affected by this decision.

Front 25

What is the Green Climate Fund? What are NAMAs?(5 marks)

Back 25

· Green climate fund – Green climate fund – Financial Mechanism that will supportprojects that target climate change adaption and mitigation for developing countries· Launched COP17,objective raise 100 billion per yearby 2020.· Simplifiedand improved access to fundingfor climate adaption and mitigation· Encouragedinvolvement from stakeholders,including vulnerable groups and addressing gender aspects· National Appropriate Mitigation Action – refersto any action that reduces emissionsin developing countries and is prepared underthe umbrella of national governmentinitiative

Front 26

What is meant by the terms additionality andleakage in the context of carbon offsetting?

Back 26

· Leakage: Due to developed countries meetingemission cut obligations they may shiftemission intensive activities to a developing country to offset and staywithin the limit of their obligation.·

Additionality: When a company buys carbonoffsets to offset an emission intensive activity, this does not necessarilyreduce carbon emissions therefor project not additional, due to there being noadditional reductions. o When acompany wants to obtain carbon offsets for a emission reduction activity thatwould of happened anyway whether or not a emission reduction initiative was inplace, this project would be viewed as non additional. Therefore carbon offsetswould not be granted.

Front 27

Describe the differences between carbon marketsand climate finance. Indicate the advantages and disadvantages of each. Provideexamples. (5 marks)

Back 27

· Differences: Carbon markets are carbon offsetscreated by projects to reduce emissions whereas climate finance is directfinance such as grants and loans. Carbon markets rely on supply and demandwhereas climate finance is non market based. Disadvantages of a Carbon marketis that is dependant on political and legislative uncertainty thereforevolatile and the disadvantage of climate finance is that it is competitive andtherefore there is a limited pool but in comparison to Carbon market has littlevolatility. An advantage of a carbon Example of a Carbon market would be anEmission Trading Scheme, and example of Climate finance are things like lowinterest loans, grants, subsidies awarded to projects that reduce emissions.Advantage of Carbon markets is that it creates incentive to be clean rather thanpunishing for polluting through fines.

Front 28

Draw and explain a diagram that illustrates howvoluntary carbon initiatives, the Green Climate Fund, REDD+ and the CDM relateto UNFCCC-based climate policy frameworks and national-level emissionsreduction targets and private sector emissions reduction activities. (5 marks)

Back 28

Look at week 3

Front 29

Give an overview of the Chinese emissionstrading pilot schemes and their key features – it might be worth drawing adiagram to show your understanding. (5 marks)

Back 29

Need to find answer

Front 30

Review the 2016 document of Queensland’sGreenhouse Emissions provided on the course blackboard site. What activitiesare causing increased carbon emissions in Queensland? (5 marks)

Back 30

· Energy Sector emissions - Upstreamnatural Gas processing - Transporting coal seem gas toprocessing facilities. · LULUCF Sector due to an increase in landclearing· Transport activity· Fugitive emissions form coal mining andgas production· Production growth in agricultural production

Front 31

In his 2007review, what did Garnaut suggest Australia should do to respond to climatechange? (5 marks)

Back 31

· Argued that Australia takes big action onclimate change do that through intro of ETS. International leader· Broadbased market approach wouldbest preserve Australia’s prosperity as we make a the transition to a low carbon future.· Participate in emission reduction targets which aims at limiting global warmingbelow 2 degrees.· Introduce an emissions trading scheme· Support innovationin low emission technologies.· Review of regulatory framework for electricity pricing to prevent overinvestment in networks andunnecessarily high prices for consumers.

Front 32

What werethe ‘pillars’ of Australia’s Clean Energy Act? (5 marks)

Back 32

The Cleanenergy plan had 4 pillars:·

Carbon pricing mechanism :

design§

Starting with a fixed price on carbon at $23 atonne then transitioning into ETS.

o Treatmentof fuel§ Large users of fuel have option of option in tocarbon pricing mechanism

o EconomicImpacts§ Increase to cost for an average household§ Jobs will grow § Plan not budget neutral

o Assistance§ Jobs and competitiveness program assistindustry transition

Renewable energy

o Largeinvestment into Renewable Energy. Innovation through investment will be donethrough CEFC. ARENA will coordinate programs for research of development anddemonstration of new technologies.

Energy efficiency

o Investingin energy efficient programs.· Land use

o CarbonFarming Initiative – which will provide funding for research and development toreduce emissions in the agricultural sector.

Front 33

What is anACCU and how is it different to a CER? (5 marks)

Back 33

· Aus carbon credit units. Each unit of ACCUrepresents one tone of CO2e stored or avoided by a project ACCU auction – CERopen market certified emission reduction· ACCU can only be used in Aus. CER cant be usedin regulatory reporting in Australia· Distinct and independent· ACCU is issue inside Australia and CER isissued outside of Australia

Front 34

What are thefive steps in the process of operationalizing the ERF? (5 marks)

Back 34

1. Estimate and register project –create ACCU2. Submit auction bid3. Enter intoa contract4. Report on project and receive paymentfor credits5. Manage reporting and auditing requirements

Front 35

How does theRET work and what are RECs? (10 marks)

Back 35

· The Renewable energy target is an Australiangovernment scheme with the goal ofsourcing 20% of electricity fromrenewables by 2020. Every year it sets a minimum percentage ofelectricity that must come form renewables. At the end of the year electricityretailers must relinquish 1 REC forevery 1 Mwh they produce fromrenewables. The number of RECs willequal the Renewable Power Percentage(RPP) of their total generation.

RECs are Renewable Energy Certificates is aform of renewable energy currencyand is broken up into two markets,Large scale generation certificates (LGC)and small scale technology (STC)certificates. LGC are based on the amount of eligible renewable electricityproduced by power stations. STC are based on renewable enrgy sourced from solarwater heaters, heat pumps, and small scale solar panels, wind and hydrosystems.

Front 36

How was the pricingcomponent of the carbon pricing mechanism of the Clean Energy Act supposed tobe implemented? (5 marks)·

Back 36

Fixed Price period o $23/ tonne 2012/2013 o $24.15/tonne 2013/2014 o $25.40/ tonne 2014/2015 · Flexible price period o 1 July 2015 rolling out 5 year caps o Price expected $29/tonne o ‘Price Collars’ during 1st 3 years of flexible pricing to prevent major price shocks. Price ceiling 20 and price floor 15. Price floor set through auction process.

Front 37

Whatsorts of companies were covered by the pricing mechanism of the Clean EnergyAct? (5 marks)

Back 37

· One or more facilities emits more the 25,000 tCO2eof scope 1 emissions in a financial year. · An entity also liable if it supplied naturalgas, imported, manufactured or production liquefied natural gas for nontransport use in a financial year.

Front 38

What is theNGER Act? (5 marks)

Back 38

· National greenhouse energy reporting Act is a national framework for reporting and spreading information about greenhouse gases, energy consumptionand other information specified in the NGER legislation.· Objectiveso Inform government policyo Inform Australian publico Help meetAustralia’s international reportingobligationso Assist commonwealth, state and territory governmentprogramme and activitieso Avoid duplication of similar reporting requirements in statesand territories.

Front 39

What aresome of the concerns and criticisms people have with the ERF? (5 marks)

Back 39

· It public based· 5 yrcontract hard to manage commercially.· Subject to Governmentfiscal constraints – whether money will be allocated on time for theplanned timeline.· Concern of the validity of outcomes· Concerns over additionally of projects. No disincentivefor polluters

Front 40

Is a carbon price of AU$23/tCO2e ofany benefit to Australia? (5marks)

Back 40

· A low starting price means a slower and alonger fixed price period would slow the decarbonisations of the economy andwould result in larger jump in carbon prices when economy transitions to aflexible price cap and trade scheme.

Front 41

Why wereAustralian policy makers considering linking the Australian carbon pricingscheme established under the Clean Energy Act with the EU ETS? (5 marks)

Back 41

· EU to trade emission allowoance units throughthe ETS· Short term maybe nothing – benefits forinnovation · To provide Aus businesses with access to largercost effective emission reductions.· Provides more flexibility to businessesoperations in both Aus and EU – reduces compliance costs.

Front 42

What is theClean Energy Finance Corporation and was it cancelled when the AbbottGovernment cancelled the Clean Energy Act? (5 marks)

Back 42

Need to Look up! Could wing this !

Front 43

What aresome advantages and disadvantages of coal as a source of energy for electricitygeneration? (5 marks)

Back 43

·Advantages

o Abundanto Widelydistributedo Mature technology / baseloado Cheapo Stable priceso Syntheticfuels able to be produced from ito Retrofit CCSo UCGalternative…

Disadvantages

o GHG sourcePollutants (NOx, SOx)o Ash disposalo Health and Safety (mining accidents)o Bulky – transport cumbersomeo Limitedalternate uses (that are cost effective)o EnergyContent lowo Radiation

Front 44

What aresome advantages and disadvantages of oil as a source of energy for electricitygeneration? (5 marks)

Back 44

Advantages

o High energy densityeasily transportableconvenient to use o Mature technologyo Wide range of uses, after conversion (cracking / refining)o Hybridisation

Disadvantages

o GHG SourcePollutantsLimited reserves, concentratedin small geographic area (Middle East)Stability of supply an issue (waretc)o Price fluctuation o Emission intensive

Front 45

What aresome advantages and disadvantages of unconventional gas as a source of energyfor electricity generation? (5 marks)

Back 45

Advantages

o Thought tobe Less emission intensive than coalo Cheap toimplement and extract· Disadvantages

o Waterpollution affecting soil . o Moreemission intensive than first thoughto Waterintensiveo Fugitiveemissions

Front 46

What aresome advantages and disadvantages of biomass as a source of energy forelectricity generation? (5 marks)

Back 46

Advantages

o Abundant and Renewable due to organic waste being largely accessible andavailable o Reduced landfill as the waste in landfillswould be used to create biomass energyo Versatile as different forms of organic matter ca be used to create differentproducts.·

Disadvantages

o Expensive.o A lot of space is required. The area for storingcan be large.

Front 47

What aresome advantages and disadvantages of solar thermal electricity generationsystems? (5 marks)

Back 47

Advantages

o No Fuel cost – less susceptible to priceshockso Low emissions·

Disadvantageso Water intensiveo Ecological and Cultrual issues – mirrors impact desert wildlife and endangeredspecies.o Limited locations and size limitations – canonly be built in places with high amount of solar radiation.

Front 48

What aresome advantages and disadvantages of geothermal electricity generation systems?(5 marks)

Back 48

Advantages

o Low running costs since no fuel is used to generate the powero Reservesare naturally replenished – sustainableo Can beused directly·

Disadvantages

o Most siteswhere geothermal energy can be produces are far from markets or citieso Danger of eruption of volcanoo Installation cost is higho Canrelease harmful gases that canescape during construction.

Front 49

What aresome advantages and disadvantages of wind as a course of energy for electricitygeneration? (5 marks)

Back 49

Advantages

o Environmentally friendly, as no fossilfuels are burnt in generating electricityo Take up less space therefore land can continue to be used for other reasons– handy for agriculture

Disadvantage

o Unreliable – Wind strength isunpredictable at timeso Produce a lot less energy that fossil fueled powerstationso Construction can be expensive and costlyto surrounding wildlifeo Noise pollution

Front 50

Where aretundra ecosystems located? Approximately how much carbon (in Gt C) is stored intundra ecosystems globally? How might carbon emissions occur from tundraecosystems? (5 marks)

Back 50

· Found in Arcticand mountainous environments,particularly Northern Canada,Scandinavia and Russia, Greenland and Iceland.· 1600 Gt equivalent · Thawingof permafrost as a consequenceof climate change enough to produce 47ppminto atmosphere.

Front 51

In borealforests, are carbon stocks typically higher in the biomass or the soilcomponents of the forests ecosystems? (5 marks)

Back 51

· Plant biomass is much higher 80% in aboveground biomass · In Biomass 60% and soil the remainder. · In the boreal forest 84% of carbon is stored in the soilorganic matter and 16% in theactive living biomass. · This is due to high temperature which at highlatitude limits the growing season,and restricts decomposition and nutrient recycling.

Front 52

Inecosystems with apparently minimal biomass, like semi-arid shrub lands and highmountain areas, in what components of the ecosystem is the majority of carbonstored? What sorts of factors can contribute to carbon emissions from thesesorts of ecosystems? (5 marks)

Back 52

· Majority of the carbon is stored in dry shrubland as much as 270 tonnes per ha · For highmountain areas 98.1% of whitecarbon is estimated to be within the soils.· Grazing significant contribution to carbonemissions· Inappropriate land use can contribute to carbonemissions

Front 53

Whatare the typical carbon sequestration rates and total biomass and soil carbonstores in seagrass ecosystems? (5 marks)

Back 53

Annualcarbon sequestration rate is 4.4 +- .95 tco2e/ha/yr· Living Biomass.4 – 18.3 tco2e/ha· Soil66-1467 tCo2e/ha

Front 54

According toDonato et al. (2011), what are the typical carbon stocks of boreal forests,temperate forests, tropical upland forests and mangroves? In which ecosystemcomponent is most carbon stored in mangrove forests? (5 marks)

Back 54

· The Typical carbon stocks for boreal and Mangroves is in Soils below 30cm depth· Temperate and Tropicalupland carbon stock are in aboveground live + dead· Estuarine mangroves have the most carbon storedcompared to oceanic mangroves

Front 55

What arefive sources of carbon emissions from agriculture? (5 marks)

Back 55

· Fertiliser· Driving vehicles around· cattle and manure· digging up the ground and turning the soil· burning off.

Front 56

In regardsto carbon offsets, what is meant by the terms additionality and permanence? (5marks)

Back 56

· Additionality – project must be proven to beadditional to what would have occurred anyway.o Financial Additionality – Assesses whether project would go aheadwithout financial incentive o Regulatory addtionality – Assesses whether project is required by regulation and is thereforebusiness as usual.o Environmental Additionality – emissionreductions cannot be counted toward anotheremission reduction scheme· Permanence – ability of the emission reduction outcome to persist.

Front 57

What do thefollowing terms and acroynms mean? (10 marks)

Leakage

NCOS

VCS

CDM

DNA

Offset registry

Back 57

· Leakage - Changes in emissions thattake place beyond the boundary of the project but are attributable to the project activityare called emissions ‘leakage’. · NCOS –National carbon offset standard– Provides a benchmark for businesses wanting to carbon neutral their operations,products, services or events· VCS – Verified Carbon standard – Operatesidentically to the CDM – VCS projects. VoluntaryGHG reduction program.· Designated National Authority (DNA) – is the organisation granted responsibility by a Party to authorise and approve participation inCDM projects· Offset registry – An organisation that managesthe Offset database which monitorsOffsets issued, forwarded, transferredand cancelled.

Front 58

What are thesix key stages to starting a CDM project? (5 marks)

Back 58

· 1. Design· preparea Project Design Document (PDD)using an approved template.- the PDD must use an approved baselineand methodology.· - project must be approved bythe Host Country DNA.·

2. Validation· - thePDD must be independently audited bya Designated Operational Entity (DOE) against CDM rules.· PDDmust be made available for publiccomment.·

3. Registration· - if theDOE is satisfied, a request is made for registration of the project to the (Executive Board) EB.· if noreview is requested by 3 or more members of the EB it is· automatically registered after 8 weeks.· 4. Monitoring· - onceregistered the proponent is required to monitorthe project in accordance with the monitoring plan contained in the PDD. Focus on parameters that impact onthe greenhouse gas emission reductions.·

5. Verification and Certification· - periodic independent review of GHGreductions during verification period.· - verification ensures that the proponent is only credited with the emissionreductions that have actuallyoccurred.· - figurecould differ from the estimated emission reduction contained in the PDD · - Certification- following verification, DOE certifies to the EB that the verified no. of emissionreductions has been achieved.

6. Issuance· - uponreceipt of the certification report, the EBissues the CERs into the proponent’s account within the CDM Registry.

Front 59

What are carbonoffset methodologies and how are they used? (5 marks)

Back 59

· Define all parameters and operations required for calculation of emission reduction or removals from a carbonoffset project during its lifetime. Projectdevelopers can use pre existing or develop new ones. For a new CDM must be approved byCDM EB under UN. They are used to Ensure conformity among global carbon offsetprojects.

Front 60

What sortsof projects are allowed under the Carbon Farming Initiative? (5 marks)

Back 60

· In developing a CFU Project it most abide bythe positive list:o Est. permanent plantings and native specieso Re est. of native vegetationo Applicationof biochar to soil o Managementof enteric emission from livestocko Applicationof urea inhibitors to livestockmanure and fertilisero Othersactivities not common practices

Front 61

How mightemissions be reduced in the agricultural sector? (5 marks)

Back 61

· Emisison avoidanceo Sequestrationprojects,capture and combustion of landfill,o Projectsthat realease of methane and nitrous oxide.o Land use –stopping land clearingo Cropmanagement practices – improve fertiliser managerment and conservation§ Slaughtering Camels§ Savanna burning§ Capture and combustion of landfill§ Management of feral herbivores§ Destruction of methane generated from manure inpiggeries§ Environmental plantings.

Front 62

List and briefly describe the five keyprinciples of Green Buildings.

Back 62

· EnergyEfficiency – use less energyprovide same level of service· Indoorenvironment quality – achievehigh perf in indoor air quality, acoustics, visual and thermal comfort.· Sustainablesit planning and management –select appropriate building site conserves enviro sensitive areas. Sustainable constructionand storm water management· Materials& Resources – usesustainable and recycled materials. Sustainable waste management· Waterefficiency – reduce waterwastage.

Front 63

Provide a case study example of a GreenBuilding, and list five technologies that it employs to reduce the building’senvironmental impacts.

Back 63

· Diamond Buildingo Solar PVPanelso Optimisedshape to climateo Rainwaterharvestingo Floor slabcoolingo Green roof

Front 64

List three potential economic benefits of GreenBuildings (compared to conventional “brown” buildings).

Back 64

· Increase resource efficiency· Reduce operating and maintenance cost· Improve occupant productivity

Front 65

Discuss how Green Buildings support carbon andenergy management at the firm level.

Back 65

· They help achieve significant reductions inenergy use and emissions· Often offer low hanging fruit improvementoptions in the form of energy efficiency measures.