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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are some anthropogenic impacts on lakes? |
1. leeching septic tanks 2. cutting down trees 3. removing shrubbery from shoreline |
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Why are Maine lakes valuable? |
Maine lakes are worth 5 to 6 billion a year. Tourists contribute to this. It is a valuable resource for Maine's tax income. |
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What is the difference between a lake and a pond? |
Ponds have plants that grow all across the bottom. In lakes, plants cannot grow all across the bottom. |
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What are some characteristics of East Pond that make it unappealing to humans? |
It is murky and smells. This impacts property values. |
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How were lakes originally formed? |
Lakes were formed by glaciers. |
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What is a thermocline? |
It is a steep temperature gradient. Marked by a layer above and below at which the water is at different temperatures |
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How do you calculate the flow rate of a river? |
Flow rate = Width * Depth * Velocity (depth derived from various spots along bottom) |
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Why is phosphate important in lakes? |
Phosphate is important in lakes because it is a limiting reagent to make plants. |
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How much O2 is produced when plankton grow on 12 ppb of phosphate? |
first go from phosphate ppb to moles and then from phosphate to moles O2 and lastly moles O2 to O2 ppm. |
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What is a Secchi Disk? |
a black and white disk that is lowered by hand into the water to the depth at which it vanishes from sight |
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Which holds more oxygen: hot or cold water? |
Cold water (Warm water allows for larger spaces between water molecules where oxygen can readily escape) |
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Which hold more oxygen: salt or freshwater? |
freshwater |
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What is anoxia? |
Zero oxygen (less than 2ppm) |
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How does phosphorous mix to the surface? |
High levels of phosphorous exist in the deep water zone. Decomposition depletes oxygen and produces phosphorous. Phosphorous uses O2 to bind to iron which keeps it in the benthic zone. When there is little O2 here (due to decomposition driving anoxia), phosphorous mixes up to the surface. |
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What is hypoxia? |
Hypoxia is low oxygen levels |
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What is the anoxic factor? |
anoxic area/lake area*days of anoxia AF provides an estimate of internal phosphorous provides an estimate of internal phosporous <10 is good, 20 is a concern, 30 is bad, 50+ is awful |
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What are some lake management options to contain algae/anoxia? |
-Dredging -P-inactivation -Oxygenation -Circulation -Algaecides |
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Dredging |
Expensive, difficult, not typically done. Dredges can remove accumulated lake sediments to increase depth and eliminate nutrient-rich sediments. By removing nutrient-rich sediment, dredging may improve water quality. Some dredging drawbacks include resuspension of sediments during the dredging operation and the temporary destruction of habitat. |
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P-inactivation |
This method consists of adding powdered aluminum which binds phosphorous and keeps it out of the system. It's common, very effective, and can be used on water column or sediment. |
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Oxygenation |
beneficial, done annually, drawback is cost and maintenance |
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Circulation |
works like oxygenation, can disrupt cyanos with movement, but not good for cold water fisheries |
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Algaecides |
toxins that kill algae, effective in preventing blooms, not favored in Maine, inadequate algal monitoring system |
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What are our 2 best options for algal control in Maine lakes? |
1. oxygenation by Dox can add oxygen at any level desired 2. p-inactivation can treat all area subject to anoxia -- appears to be 15% of Great Pond, 28% Long Pond. $1M Long Pond, $2 Great Pond |
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What is the summer action plan? |
The Maine Lakes Resource Center will lead a community-based planning process to develop a water quality improvement plan for the Belgrade watershed. web.colby.edu/lakes |
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USING MOLECULAR ECOLOGY TO HELP UNDERSTAND AND REVERSE EELGRASS DECLINE |
Karen James & Jane Disney |
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Why is eelgrass important? |
-Habitat for fish and invertebrates -Stabilizes sediments -Sequesters carbon -Absorbs nutrients -Filters water |
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How can we assess the level of biodiversity in eelgrass? |
Set up a standard way of identifying DNA on grass. We need a data base of DNA from all species (BOLD). |
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What is BOLD? |
Barcode of Life Data Systems |
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What did we test for in our eelgrass samples? |
We tested for the presence of L. zosterae and the expression of various stress-related eelgrass genes among samples collected from our three selected locations. |
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Where did we collect our samples from? |
Tide Pool Bar East Tank |
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Tide pool conditions: |
The eelgrass was closer to the surface and the water was also warmer in comparison to the other collection sites. It also contained more shells rocks and invasive crab. |
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Bar East Conditions: |
Was cooler than the first site and contained more mud/muck with little to no crabs and shells. |
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Tanks: |
Tanks contained plants collected two weeks prior at Stave Island, a population known to have L. zosterae.Had no flowing water with little soil or room to grow. |
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How did we collect our samples? |
Tissue was excised from the meristem and placed directly into RNAlater. |
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How did we determine for L. Zosterae infection? |
We selected the ITS genomic region of L. zosterae, a well-defined region with established primers. Then we carried out PCR to amplify this region. |
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Did we find presence of L. Zosterae in our samples? |
No. The PCR demonstrated that the ITS region was not amplified meaning that the protist was not present on the eelgrass (ITS is unique to the protist)
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How did we measure the expression of stress genes? |
We selected 11 genes shown to be up or down regulated in response to stressors. The eIF4A gene was chosen as a control. First, RNA was isolated. Then we determined the concentration of mRNA. Next, we reverse transcribed the mRNA to produce cDNA, and then used qPCR to determine relative expression levels of our genes. We then compared expression levels across habitats. |
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Why was the eIF4A gene selected as a reference transcript? |
because it is expressed at a constant level in certain species |
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What were our findings for the expression of stress genes across our 3 sites? |
No general trend was found across the three sites. However, two genes stood out in terms of expression, Chitinase (Chit) and SOD. Chitinase was expressed greatly in the tide pool sample and SOD was found to be abundant in the tank sample. |
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MEMORY AND STUDY HABITS |
JEN COANE |
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Metacognition |
knowing what you know |
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Errors in metacognition |
overconfidence (most common) underconfidence |
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"Generation Effect" |
Generating your own mnemonic or answer will lead to better results than those that your teacher gave you because they require more of your attention |
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Why is randomization a positive study strategy? |
Focusing on differences helps learning more so than focusing on similarities. -interleaving is a randomization strategy |
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Why is spacing better than cramming? |
Spacing out studying helps create better memory traces |
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How does retrieval work? |
The more you engage in retrieval, the more likely you'll retrieve it again. |
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What phenomenon does the testing effect show? |
Taking frequent tests benefits long term retention |
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What does it mean to describe memory as being malleable? |
We can change memories. Every time you retrieve info, you make it susceptible to change. |
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What study habit can lead to familiarity? |
Merely re-reading notes |
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What is elaboration? |
Putting concepts in our own words |
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The 3 R's |
Read Recite ...Much more effective |
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Overlearning |
Learned and retrieved successfully more than once |
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BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE |
MELISSA GLENN |
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What is behavioral neuroscience? |
Learning how the structures of our brains change to effect our behavior
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Cradle to grave |
studies nutrition during inutero development |
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What are some causes of depression? |
-Death -Post-partum Depression -Job/School Stress -Challenges such as moving far away |
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
- Hallucinations - Delusions - Paranoia ------> other negative symptoms (not mainstream) that are closely related to depression. |
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Common therapies to treat depression |
>seratonin (neurotransmitter involved in mood) - takes weeks before symptoms improve - alters more than just seratonin levels - neuroplasticity |
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Conditioned Place Preference |
Particular preference over one side of apparatus - consists of conditioning trials - make side blocked off - associate pleasurable experience with cocaine - other side gets control and will have no preference for one side |
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Water Maze |
Tests of learning and memory - dominated by hippocampus region of brain - aversively motivated task: reconcile fear with desire |
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Probe trial |
- Take platform out of pool - animals w/o hippo. damage spend 25% in each section |
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Pre-Pulse Inhibition |
Low sound before loud sound slows reaction time |
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Immunohistochemistry |
We use a protein called doublecortin in staining to count the # of new neurons. Antibodies are used to bind the pigment to the protiein. |
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RESEARCH FOCUS: ANTI-CANCER DRUG |
KEVIN RICE |
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What did we do in Kevin Rice's lab? |
We purified an enzyme from eggs |
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What's an enzyme?
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A catalyst that lowers activation energy to speed up reactions? |
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Which enzyme are we extracting and what's its function? |
Lysozyme - Function: takes polysaccharides and chops them up |
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Which 2 methods were used to extract Lysozyme from the eggs? |
1. Gel Filtration 2. Ion exchange |
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Gel Filtration |
- Separates proteins by size using porous matrix. - smaller molecules have greater access and larger molecules are excluded from the matrix. |
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Ion Exchange |
the exchange of ions of the same charge between an insoluble solid and a solution in contact with it |
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BUBBLES AND 3D GLASSES AND LASERS |
PROFESSOR CONOVER |
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WHY ARE BUBBLES COLORFUL |
different places on the bubble reflect different colors |
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Polarization |
The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light |
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INVASIVE NORTHERN PIN OAKS |
JUDY STONE - Population Geneticist |
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What was Judy's research question regarding invasive species? |
- Why is there a substantial lag time before invasiveness of many introduced species? |
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Northern Pin Oak |
Invasive species that can grow anywhere |
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What are Judy's hypotheses regarding northern pin oaks? |
1. seedlings are products of disparate plantings more than expected by chance 2. seedlings are less inbred than parent trees 3. seedlings are less inbred than acorns 4. Pin oak plantings that have not spread from cultivation in central Southern Maine consist of only a single introduction. |
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Chloroplast DNA |
Haploid and inherited from mother |
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Where is the mother of most trees located on campus? |
Near Foss |
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What is Judy Stone's Research "To Do List?" |
- Paternity analysis - Increase sample size of saplings genotyped - genotype acorns and contrast with seedlings - Collect survivorship data |
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What will survivorship data help us determine about Pin Oaks on campus? |
It will help us determine how population fluctuates over time |
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SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABILITY |
JEFF KATZ |
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What's green chemistry? |
Generating inherently benign materials that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. |
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How did we convert vegetable oil into biodiesel? |
We added in a base that broke up the linkages between 3 chains in order to be able to burn the oil. Then we used a separation technique to separate the oil from the water. |