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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Perform Quality Assurance Inputs
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Quality Management Plan Process Improvement Plan Quality Metrics Quality Control Measures Project Documents |
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Quality management plan
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The quality management plan contains a description of how the project management team will implement both quality assurance and quality control for a project.
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Process improvement plan
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The process improvement plan is a subsidiary plan within the project management plan. It lays out the criteria for analyzing processes, with a view to enhancing their value to the project.
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Quality metrics
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Quality metrics define how the quality of project attributes and processes will be measured. One example is to express team outputs in terms of percentages. The team performing the quality control process will use these metrics to gauge the degree of success or failure of a process. |
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Quality control measurements
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Quality control measurements are the results obtained from performing quality control activities. During the Perform Quality Assurance process, these results will be used to assess the success of the quality control methods that have been instituted. |
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Project documents
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Project documentsAll documents used in the management of a project, such as various logs, registers, reports, and all planning documents, are monitored and reviewed as part of the Perform Quality Assurance process to ensure they are being used properly and are adding value to all activities. |
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affinity diagrams
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affinity diagrams, in which you start with a central idea or problem and record associated issues and causes as a way to solve the problem Collections of boxes that are grouped together. |
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interrelationship digraphs
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interrelationship digraphs, which are used to map fairly complex intertwined logical relationships up to 50 relevant items Strings of circles that are all joined together by lines. |
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process decision program charts
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process decision program charts, which are used to understand a goal by analyzing the steps for getting to the goal and therefore aid in contingency planning A hierarchical tree diagram that flows from top to bottom. |
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prioritization matrices
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prioritization matrices, which are decision-making tools in which you score and rank actions and suitable alternatives to arrive at the best decision for implementation, and A hierarchical tree diagram with an accompanying table. |
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matrix diagrams
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matrix diagrams, which are used to perform data analysis by showing the strength of relationships that exist between the rows and columns that form the matrix |
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three main functions of performing quality audits
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Inspecting work results, checking approved change request procedures, ensuring compliance with documentation |
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Inspecting work results
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Inspecting work resultsAn effective quality assurance system should reduce the cost of creating high-quality project deliverables by continually streamlining and improving processes. Quality audits aim to uncover any policies and procedures that aren't efficient or aren't yielding the results they should. This involves inspecting work results. Audits should also identify any further policies and procedures that are required. |
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Checking approved change request procedures
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Checking approved change request proceduresQuality audits ensure that approved change requests have been correctly implemented. This involves checking that corrective and preventive actions have been carried out properly. Ultimately, this will result in increased customer satisfaction. |
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Ensuring compliance with documentation
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Ensuring compliance with documentationQuality audits compare any existing project or organizational documentation for processes, procedures, and work instructions with actual evidence of how the project work is being carried out. This documentation may include, for example, sign-off forms, defect logs, and progress reports. Compliance with project and organizational documentation ensures that project deliverables are on target and will meet the customer's requirements, as well as satisfy any organizational or legislative requirements. |
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Control Quality Tools |
seven basic quality tools, statistical sampling, inspection, and approved change requests review
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Quality Assurance
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making sure that the proper quality standards and procedures are used during a project. Involves quality requirement auditing and quality control measurements
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Quality control
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involves monitoring and recording the results of carrying out the quality management plan, as outlined during the plan quality management process. Includes checking the quality of processes and deliverables as well as proposing changes when necessary. |
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What process group and knowledge are The Perform Quality Assurance process part of?
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Executing process group and project quality management knowledge area |
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tools and techniques used for plan quality management, control quality processes, and perform quality assurance (that are the same)
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Quality management control tools, quality audits, process analysis |
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tools and techniques that are different for perform quality assurance
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affinity diagram, interrelationship digraphs, process decision program charts, tree diagrams, prioritization matrices and matrix diagrams
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Quality audit purpose
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enable PMs to evaluate current project activities to make sure they comply with policies and procedures set out for the project and the organization as a whole. |
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process analysis
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uses the steps outlines in the process improvement plan to assess processes and determine strategies for improvement. helps to streamline a project's processes and produce high-quality deliverables |
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When should process analysis be used?
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problems, constraints, inefficiencies |
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Root cause analysis
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technique used to find the source of a problem and to determine why underlying issues exist |
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root cause analysis six steps
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1. define the problem 2. gather data to describe the problem 3. determine possible causes 4. select the root cause 5. develop a solution strategy 6. test and evaluate the solution |
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Perform Quality Assurance Outputs
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change requests, organizational process assets updates, project management plan updates and project documents updates
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change requests (QA)
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result from quality assurance activities propose alterations to policies, processes, or procedures. aim to increase the effectiveness
and efficiency of quality-related activities in a project. Changes are not implemented until they are formally approved |
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organizational process assets updates (QA)
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company policies, processes and procedures that need to be revised during the course of the project due to performing QA (i.e. quality standards) |
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examples of project management plan updates (QA)
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changes to methodology used to attain and maintain required levels of quality schedule management plan modified to accommodate late activities or new activity timing cost management plan - changes need to be made to cost estimates, expenditure, and cash on hand estimates |
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examples of project document updates
(QA) |
Quality audit reports must be updated to identify actions and effects of audits training plans updated if project staff requires new or altered training due to changes to processes changes to processes themselves are updated |
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what process group and knowledge area is control quality part of
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monitoring and controlling process group and project quality management knowledge area |
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control quality process purpose
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involves performing activities as outlined in the quality management plan and monitoring the results |
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two aspects of quality control
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checking that project deliverables meet quality standards and ensuring that project management processes produce the desired results. |
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three major benefits of control quality process
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it enables the performing organization to determine whether work results meet project quality standards it provides a structured method for measuring and analyzing work results, and it helps identify the sources of unsatisfactory work results and prioritize action on sources of errors that cause the most problems
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Prevention and inspection
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Activities focused on prevention help ensure that no errors in processes occur. Prevention happens throughout a project, but particularly before production starts or processes are implemented (happens throughout the project) Inspection is done in order to detect and correct errors before a product is delivered to the customer. It takes place after production activities are complete and processes to develop it have been performed. |
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Attribute and variables sampling
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So the process of sampling involves checking a batch to find out what proportion of units in the batch has a particular set of attributes. In attribute sampling, a product will either possess a certain attribute or it will not. In variables sampling, results are compared to a continuous scale |
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Tolerances and control limits
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Tolerance represents the range of allowable deviation from a required standard Control limits represent the ends of the tolerance range. If values go beyond either the upper or lower control limits, the process or product will be judged unacceptable. |
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control quality inputs
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project management plan quality metrics quality checklists work performance data approved change requests deliverables project documents organizational process assets |
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control quality input categorized into three groups
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contain baseline standards - criteria against which work results are measured (quality metrics, approved change requests) contain actual work results - actual work results which are measured against quality requirements (deliverables, work performance data |
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Control Quality process 7 data collection tools
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effect diagrams, control charts, flowcharts, histograms, Pareto diagrams, checksheets, and scatter diagrams
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control quality data collection tools
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inspections, statistical sampling, and approved change requests reviews
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Inspection (data collection)
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The first tool, an inspection, involves physically observing, measuring, or testing results to verify whether they conform to the required quality standards. It involves gathering data about the output of a single work activity or about a finished product. An inspection is also known as a review, audit, or walkthrough, and is an appropriate technique for any type of project, be it large or small. |
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Statistical sampling (data collection)
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A second technique, statistical sampling, involves using mathematical rules to select a random sample, which represents all the units of a project's output. Data is then collected from the sample. Samples are selected and tested as defined in the project's quality management plan. The sample frequency and sizes must therefore be determined during the Plan Quality Management process. Statistical sampling is appropriate when the project output includes a batch or lot, and when it's not feasible or won't be effective to examine every instance of the output |
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Approved change requests review (data collection) |
Another technique used to collect data about project quality is reviewing approved change requests. This involves gathering information about approved changes to verify that specified defect repairs, or corrective or preventive actions, were implemented as approved. |
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Control Quality Data Analysis tools
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control chart, checksheet, and scatter diagram. |
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control chart (data analysis) |
shows that the actual project data over time is starting to deviate slightly – it is higher – from the goal that was previously set. This is indicated by a line that plots this goal, versus a line that shows the actual data.
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used as a tally sheet to gather data. They are typically in the form of a table that organizes data according to product features and performance metrics
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scatter diagram (data analysis) |
graphical illustration of data that display information about the relationship, or correlation, between two variables in a process
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dependent variable
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observed change |
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independent variable
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manipulated variable that invokes a change in the dependent variable
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scatter diagram -strong correlation |
values of an independent variable have a clear and substantial effect on the values of the dependent variable. The closer the plotted points to a diagonal line the stronger the relationship between these two variables. |
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scatter diagram - weak correlation
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the independent variable has a minor effect on the values of the dependent variable. data points that follow an upward, diagonal line, but aren't close to the line. |
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scatter diagram - no correlation
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randomly scattered points, no correlation or an insignificant one between the independent and dependent variables |
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Cause identification and analysis
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Flowchart Cause and effect diagram histogram pareto diagram |
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Flowchart definition and use in Control Quality process |
Illustrates the logical sequence of steps, decision points, and handoffs of responsibility in a process. Used to determine whether any process steps are failing, and where improvements should be made. |
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Cause and effect diagram (aka fishbone or ishikawa) |
also known as fishbone or Ishikawa diagrams, show the relationships between the effects of problems and their causes. They may also illustrate the effect that each proposed solution will have on a problem. Once the possible causes for each factor are identified, the diagram is analyzed by narrowing down the most likely causes and investigating them further. Depending on the nature of the project, there are different categories of causes you could use. For example, causes in a service-oriented project may relate to surroundings, suppliers, systems, and skills.
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Histograms
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vertical bar charts. You use them in the Control Quality process to help identify and rate the causes of defects. The Y-axis displays the frequency of defects and the X-axis displays the identified causes of the defects. Each column represents an attribute of a problem or situation, such as the causes of late timecard submissions by a project team. The relative frequency of each attribute is represented by the height of each column.
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Pareto diagram
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Pareto diagram takes the histogram one step further by analyzing potential causes of defects. The causes are arranged by frequency so that you can easily see which causes are creating the greatest numbers of defects. This helps the project team establish priorities in terms of implementing corrective action, so causes resulting in the most defects are addressed first. Cumulative percentages are also included on the diagram.
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control quality process outputs
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quality control measurements, validated changes, verified deliverables, change requests, and work performance information
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Quality control measurements
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Quality control measurements are the documented measures of how actual project work or deliverables compare to the required quality standards specified during quality planning. |
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Validated changes |
Validated changes are created through the careful maintenance and scrutiny of the project management plan, scope statement, and other deliverables. In this way, changes are continuously managed and are either rejected or approved. Validated changes are the result if the processes or deliverables pass inspection – meaning that with the changes, they satisfy quality requirements. Reworking of rejected items that don't pass inspection may be required until results meet project standards. |
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Verified deliverables
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Verified deliverables are project results that meet the required quality standards. |
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Change requests
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To address quality problems or defects, change requests may recommend alterations to project or product scope. These types of changes can impact the project management plan, project documents, and requirements for deliverables. |
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Work performance information
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As quality specialists and the members of the project team carry out quality control activities, they gather work performance data. It is then analyzed in context and integrated with data that has been collected from other monitoring and control processes. Examples include causes for rejections, rework required, or the need for process adjustments. As the analyzed data is recorded in a report format, it becomes work performance information. |
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outputs quality inspections
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Quality control measurements, validated changes, verified deliverables, change requests, work performance information |
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outputs involving document updates
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organizational process assets updates, project management plan updates, project documents updates |
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corrective actions
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Corrective actions that emerge from the Perform Quality Assurance process are usually recommended as a result of a quality audit or process analysis. Aim to remedy existing problems or inefficiencies in processes, policies, or procedures
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preventative actions
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Preventive actions are taken to prevent anticipated problems with processes or to counter negative risks associated with a project.
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Defect repair |
actions required to bring defective deliverables into conformance with requirements |
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6 steps - creating a pareto diagram
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2. record frequencies 3. rank top causes 4. find cumulative percentages 5. create a histogram 6. plot cumulative percentages |
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