Cambridge 7 T 1 P 2

Front 1

civ‧i‧li‧za‧tion (also civilisation) /ˌsɪvəl-aɪˈzeɪʃən -vələ-/ noun

Back 1

1. [uncountable and countable] a society that is well organized and developed, used especially about a particular society in a particular place or at a particular time ⇒ civilized: modern American civilizationcivilization of the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome2. [uncountable] all the societies in the world considered as a whole: The book explores the relationship between religion and civilization. the dawn of civilization (=the beginning of civilization)3. [uncountable] a place such as a city where you feel comfortable, especially because it is modern ⇒ civilized: After a week in the mountains, all I wanted to do was get back to civilization

تمدن انسانیت

Front 2

en‧twine /ɪnˈtwaɪn/ verb [intransitive, transitive often passive

Back 2

]1. to twist two things together or to wind one thing around another: They walked together with their arms entwined.2. be entwined (with something) to be closely connected with something in a complicated way: Our views of leadership are entwined with ideas of heroism

Front 3

ma‧nip‧u‧late /məˈnɪpjəleɪt, məˈnɪpjʊleɪt/ verb [transitive

Back 3

1. to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skilfully deceiving or influencing them: He was one of those men who manipulated people. You have the constant feeling you are being manipulated.manipulate somebody into (doing) something The thought that any parent would manipulate their child into seeking fame just appalled me.2. to work skilfully with information, systems etc to achieve the result that you want: software designed to store and manipulate data You can integrate text with graphics and manipulate graphic images

با دست درست کردن

با مهارت انحام دادن

Front 4

dam /dæm/ noun [countable]dam verb (past tense and past participle dammed, present participle damming) [transitive] (also dam up)

Back 4

مسدود کردن، اب بند، بند، سد ساختن، مانع شدن یاایجاد مانع کردن، محدود کردن،

Front 5

aq‧ue‧duct /ˈækwədʌkt, ˈækwɪdʌkt/ noun [countable]

Back 5

اباره، کانال یا مجرای اب، قنات

Front 6

oc‧cu‧pant /ˈɒkjəpənt, ˈɒkjʊpənt $ ˈɑːk-/ noun

Back 6

1. someone who lives in a house, room etc ⇒ resident: The furniture had been left by the previous occupants.occupant of Police are still trying to trace the occupants of the house which was destroyed by fire.2. someone who is in a room, vehicle etc at a particular time: Neither of the car’s two occupants was injured

اشغال شده ساکن

Front 7

ex‧plo‧sion /ɪkˈspləʊʒən $ -ˈsploʊ-/ noun[Word Family: adjective: exploding, explosive, exploded, unexploded; noun: explosion, explosive; verb: explode; adverb: explosively]

Back 7

countable] a loud sound and the energy produced by something such as a bomb bursting into small pieces ⇒ explodebomb/gas/nuclear explosion Several people were injured in a bomb explosion. We heard a loud explosion.huge/massive etc explosion A massive explosion ripped through the building.2. [uncountable and countable] a process in which something such as a bomb is deliberately made to explode: Police carried out a controlled explosion of the device.3. [countable] a sudden or quick increase in the number or amount of something: the population explosion in Indiaexplosion of the recent explosion of interest in Latin music and dance

Front 8

un‧pre‧ce‧dent‧ed /ʌnˈpresədentəd, ʌnˈpresɪdentəd/ adjective

Back 8

بی سابقه، بی مانند، جدید، بی نظیر

Front 9

mon‧u‧ment‧al /ˌmɒnjəˈmentl◂, ˌmɒnjʊˈmentl◂ $ ˌmɑː-/ adjective

Back 9

mon‧u‧ment‧al /ˌmɒnjəˈmentl◂, ˌmɒnjʊˈmentl◂ $ ˌmɑː-/ adjective1. [usually before noun] a monumental achievement, piece of work etc is very important and is usually based on many years of work: a monumental contribution to the field of medicine Charles Darwin’s monumental study, ‘The Origin of Species’2. [only before noun] extremely large, bad, good, impressive etc: Banks and building societies were yesterday accused of monumental incompetence. a monumental task There was a monumental traffic jam on the freeway.3. [only before noun] relating to a monument or built as a monument: a monumental arch

یادگاری تاریخی بزرگ و شگفت اور

Front 10

irrigationnoun

Back 10

ADJ. large-scale, small-scaleIRRIGATION + NOUN project, scheme, system | canal, channel, ditch | pumpPREP. under ~ two million acres under irrigation

ابیاری

Front 11

soar /sɔː $ sɔːr/ verb [intransitive

Back 11

1. AMOUNTS/PRICES ETC to increase quickly to a high level Antonym : plummet: Her temperature soared. The price of petrol has soared in recent weeks. soaring unemployment2. IN THE SKYa) to fly, especially very high up in the sky, floating on air currents: She watched the dove soar above the chestnut trees.b) to go quickly upwards to a great height: The ball soared to left field

Front 12

ex‧pan‧sion W3 AC /ɪkˈspænʃən/ noun[Word Family: verb: expand; noun: expansion; adjective: expandable]

Back 12

1. [uncountable and countable] when something increases in size, range, amount etc Synonym : growth ⇒ expandexpansion of The rapid expansion of cities can cause social and economic problems.expansion in an expansion in student numbers2. [uncountable and countable] when a company, business etc becomes larger by opening new shops, factories etc ⇒ expand: The industry underwent a period of rapid expansion.3. [countable] an idea, story etc that is based on one that is simpler or more general: The novel is an expansion of a short story he wrote about forty years ago

Front 13

. spin1 S3 /spɪn/ verb (past tense and past participle spun /spʌn/, present participle spinning)

Back 13

1. TURN AROUND [intransitive and transitive] to turn around and around very quickly, or to make something do this: The plane’s propellers were spinning.spin (something/somebody) around She grabbed Norm’s arm and spun him around to face her.2. sb’s head is spinning (also the room is spinning) if your head or the room is spinning, you feel as if you might faint (=become unconscious) because you are shocked, excited, or drunk: I was pouring with sweat, and my head was spinning. The room started to spin

Front 14

in‧fe‧ri‧or ɪnˈfɪəriə -ˈfɪriər/ adjective

Back 14

1. not good, or not as good as someone or something else Antonym : superior: I felt very inferior among all those academics. wine of inferior quality inferior goodsinferior to I always felt slightly inferior to her. Their performance was inferior to that of other teams.2. formal lower in rank Antonym : superior: an inferior court of law He refused to accept a job of inferior status

Front 15

re‧it‧e‧rate /riːˈɪtəreɪt/ verb [transitive

Back 15

formal to repeat a statement or opinion in order to make your meaning as clear as possible Synonym : restate: Let me reiterate the most important points.reiterate that Lawyers reiterated that there was no direct evidence against Mr Evans.—reiteration /riːˌɪtəˈreɪʃən/ noun [uncountable and countable]: a reiteration of his previous statement

تکرار کردن تصریح کردن

Front 16

ad‧e‧quate /ˈædɪkwət, ˈædɪkwɪt/ adjective

Back 16

. enough in quantity or of a good enough quality for a particular purpose Synonym : sufficient Antonym : inadequate: Farmers have been slow to make adequate provision for their retirement. Some creams we tested failed to give adequate protection against UV light. The standard of his work is barely adequate. The company has yet to provide an adequate explanation for its actions.adequate for Are the parking facilities adequate for 50 cars?adequate to do something The lunchtime menu is more than adequate to satisfy the biggest appetite

Front 17

san‧i‧ta‧tion /ˌsænəˈteɪʃən, ˌsænɪˈteɪʃən/ noun [uncountable]

Back 17

the protection of public health by removing and treating waste, dirty water etc: Overcrowding and poor sanitation are common problems in prisons

sanitationnounADJ. inadequate, poor, primitive | better, improved, proper | publicSANITATION + NOUN system | projectPHRASES lack of sanitation the direct link between disease and lack of adequate sanitation

مراعات اصول بهداشتی

Front 18

preventableadj.

Back 18

VERBS be | becomeADV. entirely These injuries are entirely preventable.largely

Front 19

fall behind (somebody/something) phrasal verb (see also fall

Back 19

)1. to go more slowly than other people so that they gradually move further ahead of you: His mother was chatting and didn’t notice that he had fallen behind. She hurt her ankle and had fallen behind the others.2. to become less successful than other people, companies, countries etc: After her time in hospital, Jenny’s parents are afraid she has fallen behind educationally. Companies that are not market-driven risk falling behind the competition.3. to fail to finish a piece of work or pay someone money that you owe them at the right timefall behind (somebody/something) with/on After losing his job, he fell behind with his mortgage payments. The project has fallen behind schedule

Front 20

ex‧tend /ɪkˈstend/ verb

Back 20

1. TIME [intransitive + adverb/preposition,transitive] to continue for a longer period of time, or to make something last longer: Management have agreed to extend the deadline.extend for/into/over etc Some of our courses extend over two years.extend something for/by/until something The government has extended the ban on the import of beef until June.2. AREA/DISTANCE [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to continue for a particular distance or over a particular areaacross/over/through etc The River Nile extends as far south as Lake Victoria.extend 100 km/30 yards etc (from something) The shelf extends 20 cms from the bookcase

توسعه یافتن، تعمیم دادن، باحداکثر نیرو، وادار کردن اسب به چهارنعل رفتن با پاهای کشیده و بلند، باز کردن، ادامه پیدا کردن، باز شدن توسعه دادن، درازکردن، طول دادن، رساندن، ادامه دادن، توسعه دادن، تمدید کردن، عمومیت دادن، منبسط کردن، علوم مهندسی: تمدید دادن یا کردن، قانون فقه: امتداد دادن،

Front 21

I. be‧yond /bɪˈjɒnd $ -ˈjɑːnd/ preposition, adverb

Back 21

1. on or to the further side of something: They crossed the mountains and headed for the valleys beyond. Beyond the river, cattle were grazing. She drove through Westport, and stopped a few miles beyond at a wayside inn.REGISTERIn everyday English, people usually say on the other side of something rather than use the preposition beyond: People waited on the other side of the barrier

Front 22

jeop‧ar‧dize (also jeopardise /ˈdʒepədaɪz $ -ər-/ verb [transitive

Back 22

]to risk losing or spoiling something important: large-scale military offensives which could jeopardize the UN peace process

به خطر انداختن

Front 23

com‧pen‧sa‧tion AC /ˌkɒmpənˈseɪʃən $ ˌkɑːm-/ noun

Back 23

1. [uncountable] money paid to someone because they have suffered injury or loss, or because something they own has been damagedcompensation for compensation for injuries at workcompensation from She received compensation from the government for the damage caused to her property.in compensation The jury awarded Tyler $1.7 million in compensation.as compensation The workers were given 30 days’ pay as compensation. People who are wrongly arrested may be paid compensation.demand/seek/claim compensation The parents are seeking compensation for birth defects caused by the drug.award/grant compensation The court awarded Jamieson £30,000 compensation.2. [uncountable and countable] something that makes a bad situation better: One of the few compensations of losing my job was seeing more of my family.by way of compensation (=in order to make a situation better) By way of compensation he offered to take her out for a meal.3. [uncountable and countable] when someone behaves in a particular way in order to replace something that is missing or to balance the bad effects of somethingcompensation for Linda’s aggressiveness is just a compensation for her feelings of insecurity.as compensation (for something) Lip-reading can act as compensation for loss of hearing.4. [uncountable] American English the money someone is paid for doing their job Synonym : remuneration

تصحیح، تعادل، جبران خسارت، تلافی، پاداش، غرامت، تاوان، جبران کردن، خنثی کردن

Front 24

res‧er‧voir /ˈrezəvwɑː $ -ərvwɑːr, -vɔːr/ noun [countable]

Back 24

تانک مخزن

Front 25

threatened adjective. ['Ɵrɛt(ǝ)nd

Back 25

]مهندسی صنایع: مورد تهدید قرار گرفتن

Front 26

thrive /θraɪv/ verb (past tense thrived or throve /θrəʊv $ θroʊv/, past participle thrived

Back 26

plants that thrive in tropical rain forests a business which managed to thrive during a recessionREGISTERIn everyday English, people usually say do well rather than thrive: The whole family seems to be doing well.thrive on something phrasal verbto enjoy or be successful in a particular situation, especially one that other people find difficult or unpleasant: I wouldn’t want that much pressure, but she seems to thrive on it

پیشرفت کردن، رونق یافتن، کامیاب شدن

Front 27

de‧grade /dɪˈɡreɪd/ verb

Back 27

1. [transitive] to treat someone without respect and make them lose respect for themselves: a movie that degrades womendegrade yourself (by doing something) How can you degrade yourself by writing such trash?2. [transitive] to make a situation or the condition of something worse: The dolphin’s habitat is being rapidly degraded.3. [intransitive and transitive] technical if a substance, chemical etc degrades, or if something degrades it, it changes to a simpler form—degradable adjective

Front 28

re‧plen‧ish /rɪˈplenɪʃ/ verb [transitive]

Back 28

formal to put new supplies into something, or to fill something again: More vaccines are needed to replenish our stocks.—replenishment noun [uncountable

یادداشتپرکردن مجدد، سرویس و سوختگیری هواپیماها تجدید سوخت، تدارک مجدد، تنظیم کردن روغن سلاحها، دوباره پر کردن

Front 29

I. dis‧pute /dɪˈspjuːt, ˈdɪspjuːt/ noun

Back 29

1. a serious argument or disagreementdispute with The firm is involved in a legal dispute with a rival company.dispute over He got into a dispute over a taxi fare.dispute between the bitter border dispute between the countries2. be beyond dispute if something is beyond dispute, everyone agrees that it is true or that it really happened: It is beyond dispute that advances in medicine have enabled people to live longer.3. be open to dispute if something is open to dispute, it is not completely certain and not everyone agrees about it: His interpretation of the poem is open to dispute.4. be in dispute if something is in dispute, people are arguing about it: The facts of the case are still in dispute

Front 30

ten‧sion /ˈtenʃən/ noun[Word Family: noun: tenseness, tension; verb: tense; adverb: tensely; adjective: tense]

Back 30

1. NERVOUS FEELING [uncountable] a nervous worried feeling that makes it impossible for you to relax ⇒ tense: The tension was becoming unbearable, and I wanted to scream.reduce/relieve/ease etc tension Exercise is the ideal way to relieve tension after a hard day

Front 31

out‧set /ˈaʊtset/ noun

Back 31

at/from the outset at or from the beginning of an event or process ⇒ set out: It was clear from the outset that there were going to be problems. It’s better to get something in writing right at the outset.at/from the outset of A person with higher qualifications can get a better paid job at the outset of their career

Front 32

mil‧len‧ni‧um /mɪˈleniəm/ noun (plural millennia /-niə/) [countable]

Back 32

1. a period of 1,000 years: people who have inhabited this land for millennia

Front 33

pro‧vi‧sion /prəˈvɪʒən/ noun

Back 33

1. [countable usually singular, uncountable] when you provide something that someone needs now or in the futureprovision of the provision of childcare facilitiesprovision for provision for people with disabilities He made provisions for his wife and his children in his will.2. provisions [plural] food, drink, and other supplies, especially for a journey: We had enough provisions for two weeks.3. [countable] a condition in an agreement or law: The agreement includes a provision for each side to check the other side’s weapons.under the provisions of something Under the provisions of the Act, employers must supply safety equipment

II. provision2 verb [transitive] formal[Word Family: noun: provider, provision, provisions; verb: provide, provision; adverb: provisionally; adjective: provisional]to provide someone or something with a lot of food and supplies, especially for a journey

Front 34

en‧sure /ɪnˈʃʊə $ -ˈʃʊr/ (also insure) verb [transitive

Back 34

to make certain that something will happen properly Synonym : make sure: facilities to ensure the safety of cyclistsensure (that) The hospital tries to ensure that people are seen quickly

Front 35

Word Family: noun: infrastructure; adjective: infrastructural]

Back 35

پیدایش، شالوده، سازمان، زیر سازی، زیربنا،

Front 36

I. re‧sort /rɪˈzɔːt ɔːrt/ noun

Back 36

1. [countable] a place where a lot of people go for holidaysseaside/beach/ski etc resort Aspen, a ski resort in Colorado Lagoon Reef is one of the best resort hotels.2. last/final resort what you will do if everything else failsas a last resort Drug treatment should only be used as a last resort.of last resort a weapon of last resortin the last resort British English: Economic sanctions will be used only in the last resort.3. first resort what you will do first before you try other things: In the past, your family was the first resort when looking for a job.4. resort to something formal when you must use or depend on something because nothing better is availablewithout resort to something We hope they will be able to resolve the situation without resort to force

دسته بندی کردن، جدا کردن، ملجا، پناهگاه، پاتوق، ملاقات مکرر، رفت و امد مکرر، دوباره دسته بندی کردن، متشبث شدن به، متوسل شدن، علوم نظامی: طبقه بندی کردن

Front 37

op‧po‧si‧tion S3 W2 /ˌɒpəˈzɪʃən $ ˌɑːp-/ noun[Word Family: adjective: opposed ≠ unopposed, opposing, opposite; noun: opposition, opposite; verb: oppose; adverb: opposite]

Back 37

1. [uncountable] strong disagreement with, or protest against, something such as a plan, law, or systemopposition to There was a great deal of opposition to the war.opposition from They face opposition from local residents as well as from environmentalists. He is confident in his ability to overcome all opposition with his personal charm. The proposals have aroused the opposition of teachers. Strong opposition resulted in rejection of the bill. Plans to turn the site into a £600 million leisure complex have met with stiff opposition. Much public opposition to the new law remained. Workers found themselves in opposition to local interests.2. the opposition in some countries such as Britain, the main political party in Parliament that is not part of the government: the leader of the Opposition the three main opposition parties

Front 38

di‧min‧ish /dəˈmɪnɪʃ, dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/ verb

Back 38

1. [intransitive and transitive] to become or make something become smaller or less Synonym : reduce: The party’s share of the electorate has diminished steadily. These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.2. [transitive] to deliberately make someone or something appear less important or valuable than they really are: Don’t let him diminish your achievements. But that’s not to diminish the importance of his discoveries

Front 39

IELTS vocabularywith‧draw /wɪðˈdrɔː, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒː/ verb (past tense withdrew /-ˈdruː/, past participle withdrawn /-ˈdrɔːn $ -ˈdrɒːn

Back 39

پس زدن، رد کردن، سرباز زدن، عقب کشیدن، عقب نشینی کردن،

Front 40

figure somebody/something ↔ out

Back 40

1. to think about a problem or situation until you find the answer or understand what has happened Synonym : work outfigure out how/what/why etc Can you figure out how to do it? If I have a map, I can figure it out. Don’t worry, we’ll figure something out (=find a way to solve the problem).2. to understand why someone behaves in the way they do Synonym : work out: Women. I just can’t figure them out

Front 41

with‧draw‧al /wɪðˈdrɔːəl, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒːəl/ noun

Back 41

استرداد، عدول، کناره گیری از مسابقه تکواندو، عملیات عقب نشینی اختیاری، عقب نشینی، تخلیه مواضع از راه هوا، گوشه گیری، پس کشیدن (در جماع)، (withdraw) پس گرفتن، باز گرفتن، صرفنظر کردن، بازگیری، قانون فقه: کنار کشیدن، روانشناسی: پس کشیدن، ورزش: بریدن، علوم نظامی: خارج کردن عقب کشیدن

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ten‧fold /ˈtenfəʊld $ -foʊld/ adjective, adverb

Back 42

ten times as much or as many of something: Business has increased tenfold in the past two years

ده برابر

Front 43

quad‧ru‧ple /ˈkwɒdrʊpəl, kwɒˈdruː- $ kwɑːˈdruː-/ verb [intransitive and transitive]quadruple adjective [usually before noun], predeterminer

Back 43

چهار گانه، چهار تایی، چهار لا، چهار برابرکردن

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war‧rant1 /ˈwɒrənt $ ˈwɔː-, ˈwɑː-/ noun

Back 44

1. [countable] a legal document that is signed by a judge, allowing the police to take a particular actionwarrant for The magistrate issued a warrant for his arrest. ⇒ death warrant, search warrant2. [countable] an official document giving someone the right to do something, for example buy shares in a company: The company issued warrants for 300,000 shares.3. formalno warrant for (doing) something no good reason for doing something: There is no warrant for copying other people’s work

اجازه، مجوز، حکم، حواله، وسیله تضمین، قانون فقه: ضمانت یا تعهد