C D 329 = Ch 1 Intro To Lang Acquisition

Front 1

Speech

Back 1

verbal means of communica3on

Front 2

Non-­‐speech communication means include

Back 2

gestures, facial expressions and body posture

Front 3

there are different ways to communicate with other people
T/F

Back 3

True

Front 4

phoneme

Back 4

smallest linguistic unit that is able, when combined with other such units, to establish word meanings and distinguish between them
e.g. seek vs. peak

Front 5

Language

Back 5

socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols.

Front 6

language is a set of static tools and is never modified
T/F

Back 6

False
It’s a tool for social use. It’s not a set of static rules. It’s a process use and modification within the context of communication

Front 7

Language evolve, grow, change, and die
T/F

Back 7

True
Language can be expanded from borrowing from other languages.

Front 8

according to ASHA, language evolves within specific...

Back 8

historical, social, and cultural contexts;

Front 9

Language, as a rule-governed behavior, is described by at least 5 parameters...

Back 9

phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic

Front 10

language learning and use are determined by...

Back 10

interaction of biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental factors

Front 11

effective use of language for communication requires...

Back 11

broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and sociocultural roles

Front 12

Dialect

Back 12

neutral term used to describe a language variation. A variation of language spoken by a group of speakers specific to a geographic region, socioeconomic factors, class, ethnicity, and/or education background

Front 13

Interlanguage

Back 13

Second language learners are usually observed developing a new language system that incorporates elements from the native language and elements from English they recently learned.

Front 14

both speech and language are parts of a larger process of...

Back 14

communication

Front 15

Communication

Back 15

the process participants use to exchange information and ideas, needs, and desires

Front 16

communication involves...

Back 16

encoding, transmitting, and decoding the intended message

Front 17

Communicative Competence

Back 17

The degree which a speaker is successful in communicating

Front 18

Human communication is a...

Back 18

complex, systematic, collaborative, context bound tool for social action

Front 19

Paralinguistic/Suprasegmental devices

Back 19

intonation, stress, rate of speech, pause, etc

Front 20

Nonlinguistic

Back 20

1) gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, body movement, proxemics
2) it varies with the culture

Front 21

Metalinguistic

Back 21

abilities to talk about language, think about it, judge it, analyze it, and see it as an entity separate from its content

Front 22

Modes

Back 22

speaking, listening, reading and writing+signing

Front 23

Language is a...

Back 23

social tool and rule-governed system

Front 24

purpose of language is

Back 24

to serve the code for transmission between people

Front 25

Language in use is influenced by

Back 25

what precedes it and influences what follows

Front 26

language happens in a vacuum
T/F

Back 26

False
Language does not happen in a vacuum. It’s context bound

Front 27

Shared rule systems allow users of a language to...

Back 27

comprehend and to create messages

Front 28

Linguistic competence

Back 28

a language users underlying knowledge about the system of rule

Front 29

Linguistic performance

Back 29

Linguistic knowledge in actual usage. A user’s linguistic competence can not be measured directly and must be deduced from his/her linguistic performance

Front 30

Language is generative.
T/F

Back 30

True
Language is a productive or creative tool. Words can be combined in a variety of ways, refer more than one thing. The possibilities for creating new sentences are virtually endless.

Front 31

Properties of Language...

Back 31

Language is generative, reflexive, ability to communicate beyond immediate context, symbols used in language are arbitrary (e.g. cat).

Front 32

Three major components:

Back 32

content, form, use

Front 33

5 basic rule systems found in language:

Back 33

semantics, phonology, syntax, morphology, pragmatics

Front 34

Components of Language

Back 34

can be spoken or written
receptive or expressive

Front 35

The form or structure of a sentence is governed by________.

Back 35

syntax

Front 36

Syntax

Back 36

Word order, organization, relationships between sentence elements

Front 37

Each sentence must contain a _____ phrase and a _____ phrase.

Back 37

noun, verb
Within each, word classes combine in predictable patterns

Front 38

Linguistic context clarifies any ambiguity.
T/F

Back 38

True

Front 39

Morphology is concerned with...

Back 39

the internal organization of words

Front 40

Morpheme

Back 40

the smaller grammatical unit and is indivisible without violating the meaning or producing meaningless units

Front 41

2 types of morpheme:

Back 41

Free Morpheme
Bound Morpheme

Front 42

Free Morpheme

Back 42

can stand alone
e.g. cat, feel, happy

Front 43

Bound Morpheme

Back 43

grammatical markers can't stand alone
Must be attached to free morphemes or to other bound morphemes.
• Attach to nouns, verbs, and adjectives (e.g. –s, -­‐est, un-­‐, -­‐ness)
• Two types: Inflectional and Derivational

Front 44

Inflectional

Back 44

include tense markers & plural markers

Front 45

Derivational

Back 45

prefixes (un-­‐, in-­‐, pre-­‐, non,etc) & suffixes (-­‐ly, er, ness, ment)

Front 46

Phonology

Back 46

Concern with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables

Front 47

Phoneme

Back 47

The smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. Families of very similar sounds

Front 48

How many phonemes does English have?

Back 48

43

Front 49

Phonotactics

Back 49

rules that govern the distribution and sequencing of phonemes within a language (the sounds /kn/ and /ɡn/ are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German and Dutch)

Front 50

Semantics

Back 50

system of rules governing the meaning or content of words and word combinations

Front 51

World knowledge

Back 51

individual’s experiential understanding and memory of particular events

Front 52

Word knowledge

Back 52

contains word and symbol definitions and is primarily verbal

Front 53

world and word knowledge are related
T/F

Back 53

True
Word knowledge is usually based on world knowledge.

Front 54

Accessibility

Back 54

the ease of retrieval from memory and use of the concept

Front 55

each word has 2 portions...

Back 55

semantic features
semantic restrictions

Front 56

semantic features

Back 56

aspects of the meaning that characterize the word

Front 57

semantic restrictions

Back 57

prohibit certain word combinations because they are meaningless (male mother) or redundant (female girl)

Front 58

Sentences represent a meaning greater than the sum of the individual words
T/F

Back 58

True

Front 59

Pragmatics

Back 59

The study of language in context concentrates on language as a communication tool that is used to achieve social ends. It requires understanding of the culture and individuals. It involves appropriate persons and circumstances

Front 60

pragmatic rules govern...

Back 60

conversational interactions
Sequential organization and coherence of conversations: turn taking/reciprocal, opening/closing/maintaining a conversation. Repair communicational errors/breakdowns

Front 61

Selection of the appropriate linguistic form is influenced by

Back 61

context, the speaker’s intention, and listener's characteristics

Front 62

speech acts can only be direct
T/F

Back 62

False
can be direct (Answer the phone.) and indirect (Could you please answer the phone?)

Front 63

speech acts can be literal and nonliteral
T/F

Back 63

True

Front 64

Relationships of Language Components

Back 64

Components may influence one another.
Changes in one may modify development in another.
Pragmatics is the organizing principle of language. Language is heavily influenced by context. Communication intention is the precursor before selecting content and form.

Front 65

Competence

Back 65

– Your underlying knowledge about language
e.g. rules of grammar, meanings of words
– Enables you to generate infinite number of novel sentences (generative system)
– Enables you to understand what other people generate (as long as it follows the rules)
– Enables you to make metalinguistic judgments

Front 66

Performance

Back 66

– What you actually for when you communicate
– Includes error due to fatigue, stress, distraction, etc
– Under ideal conditions, we couldn’t make errors
– Competence
often exceeds performance