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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the approximate specific gravity of plasma?
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1.007 to 1.017
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T or F:
Isothenuria alone is pathologic. |
False!
It is NOT pathologic by itself |
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Where is most of the ultrafiltrate reabsorbed?
a) Bowman's Capsule b) PCT c) Loop of Henle d) DCT e) Macula Densa |
b) PCT
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What materials are secreted by the kidney tubules?
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H+, NH3, and K+
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What is the most common cause of hypernatremia?
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Dehydration!
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A(n) _______________ of Na+ concentration stimulates the release of ADH.
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increased Na+ stimulates ADH release
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Increased BUN or Creatinine =
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Azotemia
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T or F:
If BUN is increased but not Creatinine, this is not azotemia. |
False! It's still azotemia!
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Choose pre, post, or renal azotemia...
...concentrated urine specific gravity. |
Pre and post renal azotemia
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Choose pre, post, or renal azotemia...
...associated with obstructed outflow. |
Post renal
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Choose pre, post, or renal azotemia...
...associated with decreased GFR due to decreased perfusion. |
Pre-renal azotemia
(GFR is also reduced in renal due to kidney disease and in post renal due to obstruction) |
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Choose pre, post, or renal azotemia...
...isothenuric specific gravity. |
Renal azotemia
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T or F:
Decreased GFR can be due to issues pre-renal, post-renal, or within the kidney. |
True!
Decreased perfusion, renal disease, or obstruction can cause decreased GFR |
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Are GFR and BUN directly or inversely proportional?
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Inversely (low GFR = high BUN)
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BUN doesn't increase until _____ of kidney function is lost. Kidney concentration ability is not lost until ________ of kidney function is lost.
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3/4 kidney fxn --> increased BUN
2/3 kidney fxn --> can't concentrate |
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Which has better urine concentrating ability, cats or dogs?
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Cats!
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T or F:
Cats can have high BUN and still concentrate urine. |
True
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What are some causes of increased BUN but normal Creatinine?
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High protein diet
Digested blood (GI bleeding) |
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What are some causes of decreased BUN?
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Low protein diet
Liver failure |
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Why is BUN not a sensitive indicator of renal function in bovids?
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Urea is used in the rumen for protein syntheisis
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Are GFR and Creatinine inversely or directly proportional?
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Inversely
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T or F:
An increase in BUN but not creatinine indicates a decreased GFR. |
False!
This shows that the issue is not GFR related |
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Choose BUN, Creatinine, or Inulin...
...consistent on a daily basis for a given animal. |
Creatinine
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Choose BUN, Creatinine, or Inulin...
...ONLY affected by GFR in renal clearance. |
Inulin
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Choose BUN, Creatinine, or Inulin...
...muscle mass impacts values. |
Creatinine
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Choose BUN, Creatinine, or Inulin...
...low GFR causes increase. |
BUN, Creatinine
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Choose BUN, Creatinine, or Inulin...
...the "gold standard" for GFR evaluation. |
Inulin
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Which test helps to determine the cause of decreased GFR?
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Urine Specific Gravity
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What SG range constitutes isothenuria?
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1.007 to 1.017
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High SG, high BUN and high Creatinine = which type of azotemia?
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pre-renal
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High BUN, Creatinine, and isothenuria = which type of azotemia?
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Renal azotemia
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Which test challenges the kidneys ability to concentrate urine?
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Water deprivation test
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What are the four "stop points" for the water deprivation test?
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1) Azotemia occurs
2) USG is 1.03 or 1.035 (cats) 3) 5% body wt. is lost 4) clinical dehydration occurs |
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What are the two non-renal failure possibilities describing a lack of USG increase in a water deprivation test?
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Primary (pituitary) D. insipidus;
Nephrogenic D. insipidus |
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Which test differentiates the types of diabetes insipidus? What would the results of this test be in an animal with nephrogenic D. insipidus?
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ADH response test;
Would have no response in nephrogenic D. insipidus |
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Which test measures electrolyte clearance?
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Fractional excretion
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T or F:
Increased fractional excretion denotes tubular failure. |
True
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Which of the following are common lab abnormalities in canine renal disease?
a) non-regenerative anemia b) Hypophosphatemia c) hypokalemia d) secretional metabolic acidosis e) increased amylase |
a) non-regenerative anemia
b) Hypophosphatemia (NO - in horses maybe) c) hypokalemia d) secretional metabolic acidosis (NO - titrational though) e) increased amylase |
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What type of crystals may be seen in EG toxicity? Which one is the bad one?
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Calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate; monohydrate is BAD NEWS
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Of the following signs, which is associated with chronic or acute (or both) renal failure?
a) PU/PD b) anuria/oliguria c) azotemia d) isothenuria e) anemia |
a) PU/PD (chronic)
b) anuria/oliguria (acute) c) azotemia (both) d) isothenuria (both) e) anemia (chronic) |
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Which method of urine collection is best for culturing bacteria?
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Cystocentesis
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What does cloudy urine indicate?
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Formed elements (cells, casts, crystals, bacteria)
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What tests can be performed using a urine dipstick that are of veterinary importance? (hint - there are 6)
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pH, ketones, glucose, bilirubin, blood, protein
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What can cause false negative glucose values in a dipstick urine test?
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Ascorbic acid (vit C)
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T or F:
Bilirubinuria is always significant in cats. |
True! Indicative of cholestasis or hemolysis
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What are some causes of ketonuria?
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Starvation, B-cell tumor, diabetic ketoacidosis, high fat/low carb diet, persistent hypoglycemia
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T or F:
Ketonuria is only detectable after ketonemia has exceeded the urinary threshold. |
False! Ketonuria is often detected before ketonemia.
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What is the most common cause of bilirubinuria?
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Cholestasis
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What three things can show a positive blood test in a urinalysis dipstick?
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Free hemoglobin,
Free myoblobin, RBCs |
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Which proteins will urinalysis dipsticks not commonly detect?
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Globulins
Bence-Jones Proteins Hemoglobin Mucoprotein |
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Which test is used to semi-quantify proteinuria?
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Sulfosalycylic Acid Precipitation test
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What are some common reasons for proteinuria?
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Inflammation
hemorrhage infection |
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What test is used when there is no obvious explanation for proteinuria? How is this test interpreted?
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Protein:Creatinine
(ratio >1 = significant protein loss) |
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What can cause false protein positives in a urinalysis dipstick?
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high pH
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How many RBCs per high-power field are normal in a urinalysis? What is unique about the RBC morphology in urine?
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up to 5/hpf;
RBCs are crenated |
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How many WBCs per high-power field are normal in a urinalysis? What is it called when this level is exceeded?
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up to 5/hpf; greater than this = pyuria
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Name these cells found in a urinalysis? Which is common in a free-catch sample?
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A - Squamous cell (common in free catch)
B- Transitional |
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T or F:
In a urine sample, rod bacteria are easier to see than cocci. |
True
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What two conditions should accompany the findings of bacteria in the urine?
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Proteinuria
Pyuria |
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What do you think if you see fungal hyphae in urine?
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Craptamination!
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Name that urine sediment!
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Capillarria plica
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T or F:
Crystals in the urine generally implies urinary stones. |
False
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Name that urine sediment! In which species are these most common?
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Struvite crystals (MgNH4PO4); common in dogs
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What crystal is indicated by A? By B? In which species are these common?
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Both are CaCO3 crystals; common in horses
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What crystal is indicated by A? By B? What is associated with A?
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A - Ca-oxalate monohydrate (EG poisoning)
B - Ca-oxalate dihydrate |
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Which urine crystals have no clinical significance?
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CaCO3;
Cholesterol |
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Which urine crystals are associated with alkaline urine?
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Struvite (neutral/alkaline)
CaCO3 Ammonium biurate (acid to alkaline) Ca-oxalate (acid to alkaline) |
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Name these crystals! What disease(s) are associated with these?
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Ammonium biurate;
Assoc w/hepatic dz (portosystemic shunt) |
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Name that crystal! What causes this?
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Bilirubin crystal;
Same causes as bilirubinuria |
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How many casts may be seen in normal concentrated urine?
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1-2 per lpf
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Which type of cast is the worst:
a) hyaline cast b) waxy cast c) granular cast d) erythrocyte cast |
Waxy is worst --> it is advanced stage of granular cast (indicates chronic tubular degeneration)
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