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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
axon |
conduct cell's output information |
|
multipolar bipolar unipolar neuron |
many dendrites, one axon single dendrite and single axon single branch extending in two directions serving as both dendrite and axon |
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axon terminal |
output zone |
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dendrites |
input zone where neurons receive information |
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presynaptic membrane |
transmits information by releasing neurotransmitters |
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postsynaptic membrane |
recieves information |
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synaptic celft |
space between pre and postsynaptic membranes |
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myelin sheath |
fatty insulation formed by glial cells that improves speed of neural impulses |
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node of ranvier |
gap in between myelin where axon membrane is exposed |
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primary glia cells |
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells |
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astrocyte |
glia cell in between neurons control blood flow, modulate neural activity CNS |
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oligodendrocyte |
glia cell forms myelin in CNS |
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Schwann cell |
glia cell form myelin in PNS |
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neuron |
transmit information regulate cognitive, sensory, motor function |
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glial cells |
astrocytes&oligodendrocytes(CNS), Schwann (PNS) modulate, support, and insulate neurons |
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white grey matter |
myelinated nuerons and glia unmyelinated |
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central nervous system |
spinal cord and brain |
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peripheral nervous system |
nerves that extend through body autonomic: parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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parasympathetic |
calms body |
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sympathetic |
promotes emergency functions |
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four lobes |
frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal |
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frontal |
motor |
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occipital |
visual |
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parietal |
sensory |
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temporal |
auditory |
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basal ganglia |
movement, motivation/reward |
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limbic system |
learning, memory, emotion amygdala, hippocampus,cingulate gyrus, olfactory bulb,hypothalamus |
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amygdala |
emotional regulation |
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hippocampus and fornix |
learning and memory |
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cingulate gyrus |
cognitive functions |
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olfactory bulb |
sense of smell |
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hypthalamus |
vital functions and pituitary gland: hormonal system |
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thalamus |
directs all incoming sensory information |
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meninges |
3 protective membranes for brain and spinal cord dura, pia, arachnoid, CSF |
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lateralization |
looking at hemispheres seperately |
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CNS growth |
neural tube, hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain |
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hindbrain |
will become cerebellum, pons, medulla |
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midbrain |
brainstem |
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forebrain |
telencephalon- cerebral hemispheres diencephalon-thalamus and hypothalamus |
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ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny |
we move through brain processes from conception to birth |
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neurogenesis |
production of neurons from non-neural cells |
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ventricular zone |
where cells start in neural tube |
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stem cells |
undifferentiated cells that will differentiate in an appropriate way when placed in particular brain region |
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cell differentiation |
enables cells to acquire the appearance and functions of neurons characteristic of that particular region |
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radial glia |
only present during development, supports migrating neurons |
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neurotrophic factors |
target derived chemicals that feed neurons to help them survive neurons that receive enough survive |
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apoptosis |
naturally occurring cell death typically in development |
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necrosis |
injury-induced death trauma, infection, and disease |
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neurogenesis |
mitotic division of non-neural cells to produce neurons |
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cell migration |
mass movements of nerve cells to establish nerve cell populations |
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cell differentiation |
refining of cells into types of neurons or glial |
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synaptogenesis |
formation of synapses |
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williams syndrome |
sub-type mental retardation,good language skills, spatial and visual deficits, cardiovascular problems, deletion of ch7 |
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down syndrome |
trisomy 21, mental retardation, impairment of cognitive ability, |
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autism |
impairments in social interaction and communication, mirror neurons-- early problems can lead to disability, sensory, language, and social impairments unknown cause |
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mirror neurons |
important for imitation learning and understanding intentions and emotions of others |
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dyslexia |
reading impairment, anoxia, low birth weight |
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axon hillock |
cone shaped area on cell body from which the axon originates |
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synaptic vesicles |
contain neurotransmitters |
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ionotropic receptor |
protein receptor channel that opens directly when transmitter binds to it |
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metabotropic receptor |
causes chain of chemical reactions and indirectly alters ion movement, slower |
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ligand receptor |
substance that binds - key receptacle for binding- lock |
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affinity |
how likely it is the ligand with bind to the receptor |
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agonist |
receptor promoter, binds and activates receptor, or increases binding affinity or a receptor ligand) |
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antagonist |
receptor inhibitor (binds and blocks receptor- competitive), binds elsewhere but prevents activation (noncompetitive), or decreases binding affinity of a receptor ligand |
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re-uptake inhibitor |
inhibits presynaptic reuptake of ligand, leaving transmitter in synaptic cleft for prolonged receptor binding |
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up/down regulation |
chronic use of drugs to block or stimulate receptors can cause brain to adjust by increasing or decreasing the number of receptors (homeostasis) |
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neuromodulator |
stimulate/facilitate other transmitters (caffeine) |