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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Brain tissue formed from |
ectoderm |
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Principle parts of the brain |
1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephelon - thalamus/hypothalamus 3. Brainstem - midbrain, pons, medulla 4. Cerebellum |
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Protection of brain |
Bone Meninges (Dura, Arachnoid, Pia Mater) Dura Mater Extensions (Falx cerebri, Tentorium crebelli, Falx cerebelli) |
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Circle of Willis |
Arterial blood supply from base of brain |
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Blood brain barrier |
Protects brain from SOME pathogens/toxins (alcohol and anesthetics can pass, proteins and antibiotics cannot) Tight junctions, continuous basement membrane, astrocyte processes |
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Cerebrospinal fluid |
Mechanical protection, chemical protection, and circulation for brain Acts as a buffer Ions for action potential Contains Glucose, Proteins, Ions |
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CSF originates in |
Choroid plexus (capillaries coverd by ependymal cells) |
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Drainage/flow of CSF |
Lateral Ventricle --> Intraveticular foramen --> 3rd ventricle --> Cerebral Acqueduct --> 4th ventricle |
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Reabsorption of CSF |
Through arachnoid villi Penetrate dural venous sinus |
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Parts of brain not protected by Blood Brain Barrier |
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Choroid Plexus ^^endocrine structures - must produce hormones directly into circulation |
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Medulla Oblongata |
Sensory & motor tracts Cardiovascular center - heart rate, blood vessel diameter Respiratory center - rhythm of breathing Reflex center - coughing, sneezing, swallowing Sends info in/out of cerebellum Cranial nerves VIII-XII |
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1st, 2nd, 3rd order neuron |
1st - comes from receptors 2nd - crosses over (decussates) 3rd - thalamus to brain cortex |
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Olivary nucleus |
Present in medulla oblongata neurons send input to cerebellum Proprioceptive signals Precision to movements |
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Nucleus gracilis & Nucleus cuneatus |
Sensory neurons Info relay from thalamus to opposite side of brain |
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Pons |
Ascend & Descend white fibers Control breathing Motor commands to cerebellum (via peduncles) Cranial nerves V - VII |
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Midbrain |
Extends pons - diencephelon Cerebral acqueduct cerebral peduncles (mostly motor fibers) Substantia nigra Red nucleus Copora quadrigemina |
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Substantia nigra |
Midbrain Helps control subconscious muscle activity |
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Red nucleus |
Midbrain Rich blood supply Coordinates muscle movements (cerebellar input to cortex) |
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Corpora quadrigemina |
Superior and Inferior colliculi Coordinate eye movement + visual stimuli Coordinate head movement + auditory stimuli |
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Reticular Formation |
Scattered nuclei in medulla, pons, midbrain alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to AWAKE FROM SLEEP maintains consciousness to KEEP YOU AWAKE |
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Cerebellum |
STRETCH REFLEXES AND BALANCE Vermis = central area Correct voluntary muscle contraction and posture Sense of equillibrium Arbor vitae = white matter Cortec and central nuclei = gray matter |
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Transverse fissure |
Separates cerebellum and cerebrum |
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Cerebral Peduncles |
Attach to brainstem 1.Superior 2.Middle 3.Inferior 1. Motor fibers that extends to motor control areas 2. Motor fibers from cerebral cortex to basal ganglia 3. Sensory info from spinal cord |
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Diencephelon |
Surrounds 3rd ventricle Superior wall = thalamus Inferior wall = Hypothalamus |
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Thalamus |
Relay center for sensory info to cortex Gray matter |
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Functions of thalamic nuclei |
Emotions, memory, cognition Receive impulses from cerebellum or basal ganglia Relay auditory, visual, taste, somatic impulses MAIN INTEGRATORS of SENSORY info |
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Hypothalamus |
Mamilary bodies (relay olfactory relfexes) Infindibulum Instructs pituitary gland Limbic system Regulates homeostatis (osmotic pressure, blood temp) Integration Autonomic neurons |
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Limbic system |
emotion intense emotion inc. memory relayed from thalamus hippocampus |
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Epithalamus |
Pineal gland Habenular nuclei Sleep cycle |
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Pineal gland |
Secretes melatonin during darkness promotes sleepiness Sets biological clock |
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Habenular nuclei |
Emotional response to odors |
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Subthalamus |
controls body movements |
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Circumventricular organs |
Monitors changes in blood chem Surround organs w.o blood brain barrier (BBB) Site of entry of HIV into brain --> dementia |
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Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres) |
Connected by corpus collosum |
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Insula |
Contained within lateral fissure of cerebrum Taste perception |
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Cerebral white matter |
Association fibers btwn gyri in the SAME hemisphere Commissural fibers BTWN hemispheres (Corpus collosum) Projection fibers - ascending/descending tracts |
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Basal nuclei/ganglia |
Corpus striatum --> caudate nucleus + (lentiform nucleus --> putamen + globus pallidus) Regulate voluntary motor movement Suppressed by dopamine Pyramidal + extrapyramidal pathways |
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Primary somatosensory area |
postcentral gyrus |
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primary visual area |
occipital lobe |
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primary auditory area |
temporal lobe |
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primary gustatory area |
btwn temporal and parietal lobe |
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primary voluntary motor area |
precentral gyrus |
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voluntary motor speech area |
brocas area |
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auditory association area |
wenicke's area |
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Aphasia |
Inability to use or conprehend words Language areas located in left cerebral hemisphere |
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Nonfluent aphasia |
"Brocas aphasia" (left side brain) Cannot properly form words but can understand them Know what want to say but cant speak it |
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Fluent aphasia |
"Wernicke's aphasia" (Left side brain) Faulty understanding of spoken (word deafness) or written words (written words) Can speak but cant understand words |
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Right brain vs. Left brain |
Right: creativity, facial recognition, emotional content, spacial awareness Left: Language, scientific/numerical skills, reasoning Damage right = speech w.o emotional inflection Damage left = aphasia |
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Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
Measures brain waves - nerve action potentials in cerebral cortex
Diagnose disorders (ex: epilepsy) or brain death |
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Alpha brain waves |
Awake and resting |
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Beta brain waves |
Mental activity |
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Theta brain waves |
Emotional stress |
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Delta brain waves |
Deep sleep |