Brain And Behavior Exam 1

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Experiment

Back 1

Uses IV and DV to examine change

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Quasiexperimental

Back 2

Used when IV cannot be manipulated, but can be observed

Front 3

Case Studies

Back 3

Examine rare or interesting cases of 1 or more individuals. However, can't be applied to all settings or people

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Pure Research

Back 4

Motivated by curiosity to acquire more knowledge

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Applied Research

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Conducted to provide a benefit to humans

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CT Scan

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Uses an xray to produce an image of the brain at rest, a STATIC image

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MRI

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Uses a magnet and a radio frequency to produce a STATIC image of the brain

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PET Scan

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Uses radio dye to produce an image of the brain at work, a DYNAMIC image

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fMRI

Back 9

Produced similar to MRI, but fMRI provides an image of the working brain, DYNAMIC image. One of best methods

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Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Back 10

Produces images of the tracts or connections in the brain

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TMS

Back 11

Uses a magnet to activate areas of the brain. Most commonly used to treat depression

Front 12

EEG

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Records electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp. PROs: easy to administer, non-invasive. CONs: not good localization, not sure what part of brain is producing activity

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EMG

Back 13

Records muscular activity. Can be used in sleep studies or on studying emotion.

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EOG

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Records eye movements. Used in sleep studies or in studies looking at visual attention.

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Monism

Back 15

Your brain makes you who you are

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Dualism

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Your mind and spirit make you who you are

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Anterior/Posterior

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Front/Back

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Dorsal/Ventral

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Top/Bottom

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Medial/Lateral

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Middle/Outside

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Proximal/Distal

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Close/Far

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What cells make up the Nervous System?

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Glial Cells and Neurons

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What are the different parts of the neuron?

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Dendrites, Soma (cell body), Myelin Sheath, Axon (inside myelin sheath), Terminal Buttons

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Soma (Cell Body)

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Keeps the cell functioning and holds the DNA

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Dendrites

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Receive stimuli in order for the cell to be active

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Myelin Sheath

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Myelin is the material that forms a layer around the axon of neuron.

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Axon

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Carries signals from the cell body to the terminal buttons

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Terminal Buttons

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Bulblike structures at the end of dendrites, contain neurotransmitters that carry the neurons message into the synapse

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Efferent Neurons

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Motory, exiting the brain

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Afferent Neurons

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Sensory, approaching the brain

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Frontal Lobe

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Personality, behavior, higher intellectual behaviors, cognition

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Parietal Lobe

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Receives and analyzes sensory information

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Occipital Lobe

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Vision

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Temporal Lobe

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Hearing, smell, learning, memory

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Cerebellum

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Motor learning, sequences of movement

Front 35

Spinal Nerves

Back 35

Cervical-8

Thoracic-12

Lumbar-5

Saeral- 5

Dorsal Root: coming in, sensory

Ventral root: going out, motor

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Autonomic Nervous System

Back 36

Sympathetic: fight or flight

Parasympathetic: feed or breed

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Meninges

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Connective tissues covering the brain and spinal cord. (Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, Pia mater)

Front 38

What do the brain and spinal cord develop from?

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Neural tube

Front 39

Why are pre-mature babies at risk for poor brain development?

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Its vulnerable because the brain cells aren't finished making connections, and outside stimuli

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Pruning

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Selective elimination of cells and cellular connections that are not being used.

Happens mainly to babies, also to adolescents

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Neurons and Stem Cells

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Seeds at which the nerves of the body grows

Stem cells follow the neighbors

Neuron cells already had a purpose

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Ventricle

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Cavity in brain containing cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Four Ventricles: Two lateral ventricles (left and right)

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Neuron/Glial

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Neuron: basic unit of nervous system

Glial: supportive function for neurons

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Reticular Formation

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Controls sensory information to isolate important things

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Tectum

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Produces dopamine, regulates motivation. Also plays a role in vision and hearing

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Hypothalmus

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Behavior, autonomic and endocrine functions. Temp, thirst, hunger, sleep, sex drive,

Fighting, fleeing, feeding, formicating

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Hippocampus

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Long term memory, in Temporal lobe

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Nucleus Accumben

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Pleasure center of brain, reward system by releasing dopamine

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Prefrontal Cortex

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Anterior of frontal lobe, regulates personality

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Wernickes area

Back 50

Comprehending speech

Front 51

Brocas area

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Expressing speech

Front 52

Somatosensory cortex/strip

Back 52

Receives sensory information from body, touch, pain, temperature.

Front 53

Medulla

Back 53

Regulates breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing

Front 54

Brain Stem

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Contains medulla oblagata and mid-brain pons. Associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

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Tegmentum

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In midbrain, Motor movement in the eye, auditory and visual processing

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Pituitary gland

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Produces hormones

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Superior colliculi

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Receives major visual input through superficial layers.

In deep layers, receives audio.

Allows for visual-motor function (frog)

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Amygdala

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Regulates emotions and if memories are stored and where

Can trigger anxiety

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Corpus Callosum

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Connects right and left hemispheres, communicates between the two sides.

Sometimes cut to cure seizures

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Pons

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Controls sensation aspect of brain, key for dreaming during REM sleep. Controls rate of breathing.

Relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum

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Spinal Nerves (two roots)

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Dorsal Root: to brain, sensory

Ventral Root: from brain, motor

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Cranial Nerves

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12 pairs, can be Sensory, Motor, or Sensory and Motor

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CNS location

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Brain and spinal chord. Sensory neurons

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PNS location

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Outside the skull and spinal chord...motor neurons

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Somatic Nervous System

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Interacts with the external, voluntary movements

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Regulates the body internally

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Nervous System Set-Up

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