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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Source |
Where sugar starts Where it is stored or produced |
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Sink |
Where sugar ends up Where it is needed or will be stored |
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Starch |
It is produced during photosynthesis in leaves |
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Xylem |
It transports water from roots to leaves
They are dead at maturity |
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Phloem |
It transports sap (water and sugar) from source to sink
They are alive at maturity but need companion cells |
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Transpiration |
It is a process that transports water and minerals from roots to leaves |
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Absorption of water at the roots Capillary action in the xylem vessels Evaporation at the leaf |
What are the basic steps in transpiration |
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90% |
During evaporation at the leaf, how many percent of minerals are evaporated? |
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1. Active transport of minerals into root hairs 2. Diffusion to pericycle 3. Active transport into the vascular cylinder 4. Diffusion into the xylem |
What is the 4-step process in water and mineral absorption in ROOTS |
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Since they cannot easily penetrate into the epidermal cells |
Why do roots need an active transportation of minerals into root hairs? |
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Active transport |
A movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration which requires energy
Ex. Facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
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Passive transport |
A movement without using energy Ex. Diffusion |
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Casparian strip |
It controls the water movement into the vascular cylinder of the root
It prevents water to move between cells. Water cells could move by osmosis |
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Microbial helpers |
Microbes in the soil that help plants absorb nutrients Ex. Mycorrhizae fungi |
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Mycorrhizae fungi |
They are microbial helpers that help absorb minerals by extending the surface area over which minerals are absorbed |
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Nodules |
They have nitrogen-fixing bacteria which helps the plant absorb nitrogen |
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Legumes and alder trees |
They are associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
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Capillary action |
the movement of liquid along a surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid. |
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Capillary action |
movement of water within the spaces of a porous material due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. |
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Adhesion |
Allows water molecules to be attracted and stick to other substances
Water molecules tend to stick to polar surfaces |
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Cohesion |
Polar water molecules tend to stick together with hydrogen bonds |
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Capillary action |
Cohesion and adhesion cause water to "crawl" up narrow tubes.
The narrower the tube, the faster the water can rise Max height: 32 feet |
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Meniscus |
A manifestation of capillary action by which surface adhesion pulls a liquid up to form a concave |
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Cohesion-Tension Theory |
It explains the process of water flow upwards through the xylem of plants.
Since cells are small they could easily and fastly move up to the leaves Cohesion between water molecules creates a "water chain" effect. Thus, as water molecules are removed from the column by evaporation in the leaf, more are drawn up. |
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Osmosis |
Water lost from the leaves due to transpiration is replaced from the roots by ______ |
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Water chain |
Cohesion of water molecules together and adhesion to xylem wall by hydrogen bonds create _______ |
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Pressure differences created by transpiration in roots |
What creates lower pressure in the roots which draws in more water? |
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Evaporation |
It occurs at the leaf which keeps the water column moving It is the strongest force involved in transpiration |
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Guard cells |
They are around the stomata that are sensitive to light, CO2, and water loss They expand in response to light and low CO2 levels, and collapse in response to water loss |
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Guard cells |
When there is a small amount of water in leaves, they stick together and become bigger which closes the stomata or an hole |
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Evaporation and gas exchange occur that keeps photosynthesis and respiration running |
What happens when the stomata is open? |
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No evaporation and no gas exchange
Photosynthesis and transpiration slow down |
What happens when the stomata is closed? |
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Aphid helpers |
They pierce phloem tissue and suck out sap without any problem
Scientists use them to study the flow of sap in phloem They might kill the wood White white ha wood Ex. Milkweed |
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Sap |
It consists of sugar dissolved in water at high concentrations Since this is highly concentrated, plants have to use active transport to work against a diffusion gradient as part of the sap-moving process. |
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Nitrogen |
When the plant is pale or nadarag it lacks ____ |
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Leaf chlorosis Leaf necrosis |
Sakit hit plant |
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Leaf chlorosis |
Discoloration of leaves When leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll. As chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of leaves, chlorotic leaves are yellow, pale, or yellow-whitw |
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Leaf necrosis |
Death of cells or tissues in plants which form, from dark watery spots on leaves to dry papery spots that may be in black or tan.
Madudunot |
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Phosphorus deficiency |
It indicates a plant having purplish leaf color |
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Stunting Wilting Color changes |
How to detect when the plant is nutrient deficient? |
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Potassium deficiency |
It indicates when a is plant having yellowish leaves |
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Pressure flow theory |
It explains howsap moves in a plant from source to sink.
Sugars begin at a source and are pumped into phloem tube cells. Osmosis moves water into the cells and raises pressure. Pressure moves the sap. |
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Pressure flow 1 |
The leaf is a source of sugar, since it makes sugar by photosynthesis. Glucose and fructose made by photosynthesis are linked to make sucrose |
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Pressure flow 2 |
Active transport is used to load sucrose into phloem tubes against a diffusion tradient. |
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Pressure flow 3 |
The high concentration of sucrose in the sieve tube cells of the phloem causes water to move in by osmosis, which raises pressure and causes the sap to move. |
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Pressure flow 4 |
A developing fruit is one example of a sink. Sucrose may be actively transported out of phloem into the fruit cells. In a root, sucrose is converted into starch, which keeps sugar moving in by diffusion. |
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Pressure flow 5 |
As the sugar concentration drops in the sieve tube cells, osmosis moves water out of the tube. |
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Pressure flow 6 |
As water moves out by osmosis, the pressure in the sieve tube cells drops. The pressure difference along the column of sieve tube cells keeps the sap flowing |