Botany Lecture 2 Exam

Front 1

Why do cells divide

Back 1

Mitosis- form new cells/tissues. Overall growth & development of the plant.

Front 2

Meiosis + Mitosis

Back 2

Life cycle. Alternation of generations

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Chromosomes/ State of Ploidy

Back 3

Inactive state of DNA seen only during cell division. Gamophyte generation.

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Haploid

Back 4

1 copy of each gene. Spores or spore cells

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Diploid

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2 copies of each gene. Yield haploid cells

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Sporophyte generation

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Haploid, diploid, polyploid

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Division =

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Mitosis or meiosis

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G1 is an organizational phase called

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Molecular checkpoint

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The molecular checkpoint

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Determines if cell is mature.

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These do not divide at maturity

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Living tissues. Parenchyma, epidermis, phloem

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Living cells/tissues in a perm state of G0 except

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Meristematic tissue

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Meristematic cells "pars" checkpoint @G1 to proceed

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Shoot Apical Merstem. Root Apical Meristem. Various lateral meristems.

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Cytoplasm ground nucleus @ center (G1) is called

Back 13

Prephase panel

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Phragmosome

Back 14

Nucleus in the center DNA synthesized CV in 4 pieces are pre-prophase band visible

Front 15

G2 phragmosome

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After phragmosome forms DNA it begins, condensation = form chromosomes

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As meristems divide mitotically forms 2 basic cell types

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Initials and derivatives

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Initials

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Pluriponent or totipotent cells = meristematic tissue

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Derivatives

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Begin differentiation. Pluripotent or within tissue groups. Protoderm, vascular, ground

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Protoderm

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Becomes epidermis

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Vascular Cambium

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Becomes vascular tissues. Xylem/phloem

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Ground meristem

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Becomes ground tissues. Parenchyma, schlerenchyma, collenchyma

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Diploid cells

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Yield diploid cells

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Many plants are called

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Polyploid= diploid. Cells produced are genetically identical

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Meiosis

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Form haploid cells for life cycle

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Sporocytes

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Cells that will undergo meiosis

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Mitosis

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Specialized duplication of haploid cells

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Gametophytes

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(Haploid plants) may be male or female in some types

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Prophase

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Chromosomes fully formed nuclear membrane disappears nucleoli disappear. Mitotic spindle begins forming.

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Mitotic Spindle

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Specialized portion of cytoskeleton that moves chromosomes during cell division

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Metaphase

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Chromosomes move to equator of cell. (Same axis as preprophase band) mitotic spindle completed & mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes

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Anaphase

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Mitotic spindle pulling chromosomes to chromatin

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Telophase

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Cell plate appears (beginning of cell wall) nuclear membrane reappears. DNA in chromatin state.

Front 33

Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM)

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Where mitosis occurs

Front 34

Leaves

Back 34

Primary function is phoyosynthesis. Using Co2 and h2o capture sunlight energy and transform it into chemical energy

Front 35

Simple leaf anatomy

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Petiole, blade, margin, vascular skeleton. Pulvinus if enlarged at base of petiole.

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Leaflets

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Compound leaves many blades/petiole

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Sessile

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Primarily in monocots. No petiole. Blade continuous with or attaches directly to stem

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Gynosperms

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Typically pine needles

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Leaves are attached at

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Nodes, petioles

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Leaf patterns

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Spiral, alternate, whorled, opposed

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Spiral

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Petiole, nodes in helical orientation

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Alternate

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Petiole/node alternate left right orientation

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Whorled

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3+ petioles @ nodes

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Opposed

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2 petioles 2 nodes opposite orientation

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Monocots

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Parallel veins

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Dicots

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Netlike. Reticulated veins. pennate. palmate.

Front 47

Epidermis

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Specialized parenchyma. mesophyll. Vascular bundles/veins. Epidermis

Front 48

Function of epidermis

Back 48

Protection. Gas permeation. Photosynthesis. Move water and food.

Front 49

Xeriphyte epidermis

Back 49

Complex. Multilayered. Typically simple. 1 cell layer.

Front 50

Modifications of these tissues are common

Back 50

Habitat- xerophyte or hydrophyte. Monocots/dicots (mesophyll & muscular bundles). C4 photosynthesis (kranz anatomy). Gynosperms.

Front 51

Epidermal cells produce waxy covering called

Back 51

Cuticle wax. Cutin.

Front 52

Cutin in xerophytes is

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Thick. Amount is determined by environment.

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Epidermal cell modifications

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Trichomes, hairs, bulliform cells

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Trichomes

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Accumulation of chemicals in many anti-herbivore. Insecticidal.

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Hairs

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Impede water loss. H2o condenses on hairs

Front 56

Bulliform cells

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Typical in grasses & palms. Fold leaf as water becomes scarce.

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Guard cells form

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Stomata. Gas exchange co2. Transpiration h2o form roots = leaves

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Mesophyll

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Specialized parenchyma that is photosynthetic. Highly variable

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Mesophyll in dicots

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Visible difference between palisade & spongy mesophyll

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Mesophyll in monocots

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Much more uniform appears all spongy

Front 61

Mesophyll in Gynosperms

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Is much more uniform.

Front 62

Xylem

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Move or transport h2o

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Phloem

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Move or transport food

Front 64

Histology arrangement reflects what in monocots

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Monkey faces. All looking at you. Parallel

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Histology arrangement reflects what in dicots

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Perpendicular crossing vascular bundles

Front 66

Histology arrangement reflects what in Gynosperms

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1 vein in the middle of needle

Front 67

Transpiration

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Happens at stomata. Movement of h2o from soil into roots through stems into leaves where it is vaporized.

Front 68

Why do plants lose 95% of water

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To mobilize nutrients from soil into plant

Front 69

Most important nutrients in soil

Back 69

K, Potassium, N, Nitrogen, P, Phosphorus.

Front 70

Stomata

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Spaces/openings created by guard cells

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Closed stomata

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Export solutes. H2o follows

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Open stomata

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Import solutes. H2o follows

Front 73

Mechanism to open and close stomata

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Osmosis/tonicity

Front 74

Temporal environmental conditions effect

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Transpiration. Water availability is seasonal. Abnormal conditions.

Front 75

Which hormone causes abscission

Back 75

Ethylene, Stops transpiration.

Front 76

Secondary growth

Back 76

Woody dicots. Generally the activation of lateral meristems to produce woods.

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2nd yr the VC (vascular cambium) sundivides into

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2 lateral meristems. 2nd year meristems. Vascular cambium & Cork cambium

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Initials derivatives

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Ground Meristem, procambium, protoderm

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Inner edge of bark is where

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2nd year phloem is proportion of CC and tissues made relative to vc and tissues made is very distorted in this diagram.

Front 80

Cork cells produced by CC (outer, dead) produce..

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A lichen related compound called suberinhydrphobic, Lots of airspaces.

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Specialized stems

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Rhizome, Tubers, Tendrils, runners, corms

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Tendrils

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Various climbing vines. Honeysuckle. Morning glory

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Runners

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Strawberries

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Corms

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Iris, gladiolus

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Roots function

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Water & minerals. Source if transpiration phenomena. H2o mobilized to bring along solutes. N. P. K.

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Most common form of nitrogen

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Hydrus ammonia

Front 87

Radicle

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Embryonic root. 1st root to emerge from seed.

Front 88

Roots in dicots

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Radicle is the largest and primary root. Tap root. Lateral roots branch off of tap root. Example: trees and carrots

Front 89

Roots in monocots

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Radical is short lived. No tap root. lateral meristems activated such that there is a mass of equal sized roots equal, fibrous root system. Ex. Grasses

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Rock

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The parental material. Literally the planet

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3 types of rock

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Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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Igneous

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Product of volcanic activity. Examples: cooled lava, basalt, granite

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Sedimentary

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Igneous and metamorphic rock dissolved. Acted upon by water. (Abiotic partial weathering) water evaporates.. "sediment" in important factor in the formation of fossils. Examples: sandstone. Limestone

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Metamorphic

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Igneous and sedimentary rock that is "compacted" or compressed. geologically forming new types of rock. Immense pressures. Examples: marble. Slate

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Soil horizons a

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Lots of organic compounds "top soil" dark N. Usually associated or part of organic compounds. A Soluble in h2o. A2 not soluble in h2o

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Soil horizons b

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Less organic. More inorganic materials. Macro and micro nutrients other inorganic compounds "p,k" mg, mn, fe ect.

Front 97

Soil horizons c

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The parent material

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Hydroscopic

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Sticks to surface of soil particles.

Front 99

Total field capacity

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H2o left after draining finer texture & more organic content increases field capacity

Front 100

Permanent wilting point

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Capillary h2o NOT available dependent upon "normal" precipitation

Front 101

Field capacity

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The total minus drainage

Front 102

Adrentitious combine prop roots

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Structural roots directly from stem (Visible above ground) & fibrous roots

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Structural roots

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Buttress, prop, aerial

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Buttress

Back 104

Fig trees, banyan trees

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Prop

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Corn, grasses, bamboo

Front 106

Aerial

Back 106

Orchids

Front 107

Guttation (dew)

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The exudation of drops of xylem sap on the tips or edges of leaves. Grasses, fungi. Based on hydathocles

Front 108

Soil textures biggest to smallest

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Coarse sand, fine sand, silt, clay

Front 109

Ground meristem

Back 109

Parenchyma, sclerenchyma, regional, pith, cortex

Front 110

Procambium

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Xylem, phloem, vc remains in most dicots, 2nd year growth in most dicots

Front 111

Protoderm

Back 111

Epidermal, cell, root hairs

Front 112

Prop root

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Large roots that branch from the skin above ground

Front 113

Buttress roots

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Very large in relation to stem. Form angular structures as they enter soil

Front 114

Aerial roots

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Seen most in epiphytes. Use above ground structures for support

Front 115

Parasitic roots

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Form haustoria. Specific invasive root into host

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How is soil formed

Back 116

A, abiotically, weathering. B, biologically, earthworms, decay activity

Front 117

Symbionts

Back 117

A, Bacteria, seen in association w/legumes, beans, B, fungus associated with wide variety of plants, all endosymbionts

Front 118

What is senescence

Back 118

Loss of cells power of division and growth, seasonal

Front 119

Anatomy of stem

Back 119

Epidermis, vascular, ground tissues

Front 120

Symbiosis

Back 120

Presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plants, mutualism