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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How did Theophrastus classifyplants?
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binomial nomenclature; 4th century b.c.
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What was the first level of organization to develop?
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Genera
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International Code of Binomial Nomenclature requirements?
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2 Steps:
- Latin description; journal publication - Herbarium specimen |
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Current six kingdoms?
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Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi
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Contrast taxonomists and systematists
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Taxonomists: identification
Systematists: evolution |
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Classification of major groups in order
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Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species
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The law of parsimony
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Another name for Ockham's razor, or more generally for any methodological principle that counsels us to expect nature to use the simplest possible means to any given end.
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Cladistics?
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Classification based on a shared evolutionary trait
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International Code of Binomial Nomenclature
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At a meeting in Paris in 1867, European and American botanists agreed to use Linnaeus's 1753 publication and binomials as the starting point for all scientific names of plants. The rules (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) drawn up at that meeting and periodically revised are now followed for naming and classifying plants by botanists of all nationalities.
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Hogg and Haeckel proposed what in the 1860s
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Hogg and Haeckel proposed a third kingdom (Protoctista) in the 1860s
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Which features of plants were used to classify in the 18th century?
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Descriptive Latin phrase names were used for all organisms by the 18th century
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What did Copeland propose in 1938
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In 1938, H. F. Copeland, on the basis of cellular differences, divided the Protoctista into Kingdoms Monera and Protoctista.
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What did Whittaker propose in 1969?
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In 1969, Whittaker proposed five kingdoms based both on forms of nutrition and cellular structure.
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What did Woese propose in 1990?
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In the 1980s, Carl Woese divided Whittaker's Kingdom Monera into two kingdoms, and six kingdoms are now generally recognized.
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Explain the early kingdom concept and problems associated with it
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At first just Plant and Animal were recognized, leading to difficulties.
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Why is binomial nomenclature important?
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Biologists recognized the need for worldwide uniformity in naming and classifying organisms.
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List and describe all of the different ways in which botantists study plants
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Plant Anatomy, Physiology, Taxonomy, Geography, Ecology, Morphology, Economic Botany, and Enthnobotany
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Examples of some things that plants are used for in society
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Linens, fibers, clothes, food, medicines, lumber
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Attributes of living things and how they apply to plants
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Growth
Reproduction Cell Structure: Organismal complexity Response to stimuli: Callose and callus Metabolism: Respiration for energy release, Photosynthesis for energy harnessing, Digestion, Assimilation as Conversion of raw materials into cell substances Movement: Cytoplasmic streaming |
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Callose and callus?
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Two substances that make accumulate at wound sites
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Different types of metabolic activity in plants?
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- Respiration for energy release
- Photosynthesis for energy harnessing - Digestion for breaking down insoluble food particles into soluble foods - Assimilation as conversion of raw materials into cell substances |
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Function of cell wall?
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Structure, protection
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What is cytoplasm?
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The part of the protoplasm outside the nucleus in which the cisternal elements and membrane-bound organelles lie.
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What is cytosol?
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The liquid part of the cytoplasm
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Function of cellulose? What is it made of?
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Main component of cell wall. For rigidity.
The primary wall and also the secondary cell wall, often added inside the primary wall, are composed of cellulose polymers, with hemicelluloses and glycoproteins. Secondary cell walls contain lignin that strengthens the wall. |
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Middle lamella?
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1st part of cell wall formed; sticky substance. Sandwiched between the primary cell walls of adjacent cells.
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Structure of plasma membrane
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Made of phospholipid bilayer. which is sandwich-like and often forms folds, constitutes the outer boundary of the cytoplasm. It regulates the substances that enter and leave the cell.
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Function of nucleus?
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To hold all genetic material, make DNA
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What holds nucleus together?
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The nucleus is bounded by a nuclear envelope consisting of two membranes that are perforated by numerous pores.
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Constituents of nucleus
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Within the nucleus are a fluid called nucleoplasm, one or more spherical nucleoli, and thin strands of chromatin, which condense and become chromosomes when nuclei divide. Each species of organism has a specific number of chromosomes in each cell.
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Function of the ER
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Cellular communication. Storing and transporting of protein and other cell products.
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What holds ER together?
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The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of flattened sacs and tubes associated with the storing and transporting of protein and other cell products. Granular particles called ribosomes, which function in protein synthesis, may line the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum
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Function of ribosomes
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Granular particles called ribosomes, which function in protein synthesis, may line the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum
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What are dictysomes and what are their function?
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Dictyosomes are structures that appear as stacks of sacs and function as collecting and packaging centers for the cell.
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Describe the three kinds of plastids describe in class
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- Green plastids, known as chloroplasts, contain enzymes that catalyze reactions of photosynthesis. Double membrane, power house w metabolic capabilities, able to make own food, have own DNA
- Chromoplasts are colors like in tomatoes - Leucoplasts |
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Stroma
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Enzyme filled matrix within chloropasts
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Grama
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In chloroplasts; made of thylakoids. Membranes of thylakoids have chlorophyll
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Function of mitochondria
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Mitochondria are tiny, numerous organelles that are bounded by two membranes with inner platelike folds called cristae; they are associated with cellular respiration.
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Microbodies are...
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Small spherical bodies w a single membrane throughout cytoplasm which contain special enzymes
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Perioxisomes
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A microbody. Serve in photorespiration
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Glyoxisomes
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Microbody. Aids of converting fat to carbs
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Describe vacuole in a young and mature cell.
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Vacuoles in matures cells are bigger, 90% of volume taken up by central vac bounded by membrane (tonoplast)
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What fills vacuoles?
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Cell sap and water-soluble pigments
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Function of cytoskeleton
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The cytoskeleton, which is involved in the architecture of cells and internal movement, is composed of microtubules and microfilaments. Microfilaments may be responsible for cytoplasmic streaming
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Where does mitosis take place in plants?
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Meristems
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Phases of Mitosis
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Mitosis is arbitrarily divided into four phases:
(1) prophase, in which the chromosomes and their two-stranded nature become apparent and the nuclear envelope breaks down (2) metaphase, in which the chromosomes become aligned at the equator of the cell; a spindle composed of spindle fibers is fully developed, with some spindle fibers being attached to the chromosomes at their centromeres (3) anaphase, in which the sister chromatids of each chromosome (now called daughter chromosomes) separate lengthwise, with each group of daughter chromosomes migrating to opposite poles of the cell (4) telophase, in which each group of daughter chromosomes becomes surrounded by a nuclear envelope, thus becoming new nuclei, and a wall dividing the daughter nuclei forms, creating two daughter cells. |
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Meristem?
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Permanent regions of active cell growth
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Difference b/w apical and lateral meristem
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Apical: At tips of root and shoots, Primary growth increasing length
Lateral: Increase girth, secondary growth |
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Three primary meristems
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- Protoderms
- Ground Meristems - Procambium |
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Diff b/w primary and secondary growth
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Primary: Increase in length
Secondary: Increase in girth |
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Two types of lateral meristems
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Vascular cambium: Support
Cork cambium: Lies outside vas. cambium |
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How are grasses' meristems different from other plants?
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Don't have vascular cambium nor cork cambium
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Intercalary meristems?
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Develop at intervals along stem where they add to stem length
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The three types of simple tissue
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Parenchyma, Colenchyma, Schlerenchyma
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Parenchyma
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Composed of parenchymal cells, tend to have large vacuoles and many contain various secretions
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Aerenchyma
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Parenchymal tissue w/extensive connected air sacs
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Chlorenchyma
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Have lots of chloroplasts, Lots of photosynthesis
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Colenchyma
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Have living cytoplasm and may live extended time. Flexible support for organs
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Schlerenchyma
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Cells w/thick tough secondary walls, normally impregnated w/lignin
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Examples of stone cells and fibers
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Stone cells: Pear tissue
Fibers: Hemp |
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Xylem
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Chief conducting tissue for water and minerals absorbed by the roots. Roots to shoots.
- Vessels: Made of vessel elements. Long tubes open at each end - Tracheids: Tapered at ends w/pits that allow water passage b/w cells - Rays: Lateral conduction |
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Phloem
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Contains dissolved food particles produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant
- Shoots to roots - Sieve tube members: Large cylindrical - Sieve plates: Porous region - Companion cells: Narrow, tapered |
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Epidermis
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Outermost layer of cells. One cell thick
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Products of epidermal cells
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Cutin, Root epidermis produces root hairs
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What secretory tissues produce?
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Secretory tissues occur in various places in plants; they secrete substances such as nectar, oils, mucilage, latex, and resins.
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Periderm?
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Outer bark, composed of cork cells, cytoplasm of cork cells secrete suberin into the walls
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Lenticles
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When some parts of the cork cambium form loosely arranged pockets of parenchymal cells that protrude from the surface of the periderm
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Radicle?
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First root
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Purpose of root hairs and how they are formed
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Region of maturation. Some of the epidermal cells in the region of maturation develop root hairs; the root hairs greatly increase the absorptive surface of the root; adheres tightly to soil particles
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Types of tissue found in the region of maturation
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Root hairs, Cortex, Endodermis, Vascular cylinder
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Cortex?
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Region of maturation. Parenchymal cell b/w epidermis and vascular cylinder. Used for food storage
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Endodermis?
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- inner boundary of cortex, single layered cylinder of compact cells.
- Cell walls w/suberin bands called casparian strips on radial and tangential walls - forces water and dissolved substances entering and leaving central core to pass thru epidermis - Regulates types of minerals absorbed |
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Vascular cylinder
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Region of maturation. Core of tissue inside epidermis. Forms lateral branch roots. Most cells are primary xylem or primary phloem
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