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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
not a component of normal feces
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blood
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does not result in watery or diarrheal stools
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decreased intestinal motility
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lactose intolerance caused by the lack of sufficient lactase primarily presents with
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osmotic diarrhea
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This test assists most in the differentiation of secretory from osmotic diarrhea
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fecal osmolality
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the inability to convert dietary foodsutffs into readily absorbable substances is called intestinal...
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maldigestion
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intestinal motility is not stimulated by...
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sympathetic nerve activity
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This condition is characterized by the excretion of greasy, pale, foul-smelling feces
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steatorrhea
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the daily amount of fat excreted in the feces is normally less than
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6 g
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this test is required to diagnose steatorrhea
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fecal fat
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the amount of feces produced in __ hours correlates ______ with food intake
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24, poorly
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fecal specimens are often tested for
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fat, blood, carbs
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____ is responsible for the characteristic color of normal feces.
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Urobilins
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a fecal ______ determination aids in differentiating the cause of diarrhea
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leukocyte
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____ stains with Sudan III of Oil Red O stains.
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Neutral fats
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These types of fat requireacidification and heat before they are stained with Sudan III or Oil Red stains
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fatty acids and soaps (FA salts)
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With the two-slide qualitative fecal fat determination, the first slide produces a normal amount of staining fat present, whereas the second slide, following acid addition and heat, produces an abnormally increased amount of fat present. These results indicate
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malabsorption
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mass screening in adults for occult blood in the feces is performed primariluy to detect
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colorectal cancer
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this dietary substance can cause a false negative fecal occult blood slide test.
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ascorbic acid
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this action can cause a false positive fecal occult blood slide test
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rehydration of the speciment on the slide before testing.
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this substance is the indicator of choice in fecal occult blood slide tests
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guaiac
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This condition can result in the excretion of small amounts of occult blood in the feces
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hemorrhoids, bleeding gums, peptic ulcers, intake of iron supplements (all of the answers)
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A ___ color following alkali treatment indicates the presence of ____ hemoglobin
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pink, fetal
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____ and _____ are clinical manifestations of disaccharidase deficiency
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a postitive fecal clinitest, fecal pH of 5.0
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this test can differentiate inadequate carbohydrate metabolism from inadequate carbohydrate absorption
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xylose absorption test
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seminal fluid analysis is performed routinely to evaluate
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postvasectomy status
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These structures contribute to secretions in seminal fluid
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epididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, seminferous tubules (all the answers)
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This structure performs an endocrine and an exocrine function
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testes
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the primary function of seminal fluid is to
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transport the spermatozoa
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produces and secretes testosterone
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interstitial cells of Leydig
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site of spermatogenesis
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seminiferous tubules
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concentrates and stores sperm
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epididymis
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secretes fluid rich in zinc
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prostate gland
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secretes fluid high in fructose
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seminal vesicles
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transports sperm to the ejaculatory duct
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vas deferens
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only complete collections of the _____ ejaculate are acceptable for analysis
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entire
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this condition adversely affects the quality of a seminal fluid specimen
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storage of specimen at refrigerator temps
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following liquefaction, the viscosity of normal seminal fluid is _____ to that of _____
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similar, water
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spermatozoa motility should be evaluated ______ and at _ hours after collection
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initially, 2
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sperm concentration in a normal ejaculate ranges from 20 to ___ million per ml
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250
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stained smears of _____ semen are used to evaluate sperm _____.
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fresh, morphology
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this parameter directly relates to and provieds a check of the spermatozoa motility evaluation
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vitality assessment
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microscopically, immature spermatogenic cells are often difficult to distinguish from
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leukocytes
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a seminal fluid pH > 7.8 is associated with
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infection of the male reproductive tract
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Fructose in seminal fluid assists in the evaluation of...
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the secretory function of the seminal vesicles and the functional integrity of the vas deferens
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____ can be used to evaluate the secretory function of the prostate gland.
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zinc
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the concentration of ________ can be used to positively ID a fluid as seminal fluid
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acid phosphatase
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amniotic fluid is not a medium for _____ of oxygen
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exchange
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amniocentesis usually is performed at 15-18 wekks of gestation to determine
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genetic disorders
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solute and water exchange occure between the fetus and amniotic fluid in the following ways:
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fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid, transudation across fetal skin, fetal urination into the amniotic fluid, respiration of smniotic fluid in the fetal pulmonary system (all answers)
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describes a decreased volume of amniotic fluid present in the amniotic sac
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oligohydramnios
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amniotic fluid specimens are immediately protected form light to preserve
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bilirubin
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when present in amniotic fluid, is affected adversely by refrigeration...
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fetal cells
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high centrifugation speeds in preocessing amniotic fluid must be avoided to prevent error in the detection of
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phospholipids
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analysis of these substances can aid in the differentiation of amniotic fluid from urine
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urea, glucose, creatinine, and protein (all the answers)
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normally, amniotic fluid contains fetal ___, ___, and ___.
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hair, cells, vernix
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is not a test to evaluate the surfactants present in the fetal pulmonary system
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delta A 450
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these test results would indicatre fetal lung immaturity
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a lecithin:sphingomyelin < 2.0
a lecithin:sphingomyelin > 2.0, with phosphatidylglycerol absent |
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this condition can cause erythroblastosis fetalis
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maternal immuniztion by fetal antigens
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a deltaA450 calue that falls into zone III indicates that the fetus is experiencing
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severe hemolysis
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CSF is produced primariily from
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secretions by the choroid plexus
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CSF is found between the
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arachnoid and pia mater
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CSF is produced
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constantly
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____ does not pass through the blood brain barrier
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fibrinogen
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during a lumbar puncture procedure, the first collection tube of CSF removed should be used for
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chemistry tests
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the _____ of the _____ is not an anylytical concern when the processing and testing of CSF is delayed
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lability, Ig
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pleocytosis is a term used to describe
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an increased number of cells in the CSF
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increased numbers of leukocytes can not cause
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xanthochromia
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when found in CSF, this indicates a traumatic puncture
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uneven distribution of blood in the CSF collection tubes
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number of leukocytes that are normally present in the CSF of an adult
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0-5/microliter
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what type of cells may be present in small number in normal CSF
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lymphs
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which cell type predominate in CSF during a classic case of bacterial meningitis
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neutrophils
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cell type that predominates in CSF during classic case of viral meningitis
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lymphs
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when choroid plexus cells and ependymal cells are present in CSF they
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closely resemble clusters of malignant cells
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this protein is not normally present in CSF
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fibrinogen
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does not result in an incresaed CSF total protein
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trauma to the CNS, resulting in fluid loss
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this protein is used to monitor the integrity of the blood brain barrier
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albumin
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an IgG index > 0.70 indicates
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intrathecal synthesis of IgG
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an unknown fluid can be identified positively as being CSF by determining the
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presence of carbohydrate deficient transferrin on electrophoresis
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true or false:
oligoclonal bands usually correlate with the stage of disease and can be used to predict disease progression |
false
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true or false:
increased CSF glucose values are diagnostically significant |
false
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normal CSF lactate levels are commonly found in patients with
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viral meningitis
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this procedures frequently provides a rapid preseumptive diagnosis of bacterial meningitis
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CSF gram stain
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India ink preps and microbial antigen tests on CSF can aid in the diagnosis of
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fungal meningitis
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providing lubrication for a joint and transporting mutrients to articular cartilage is a funtion of
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synovial fluid
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true or false:
synovial fluid is viscous |
true
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this is not normally present in synovial fluid
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fibrinogen
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this substance does not increase the turbidity of synovial fluid
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hyaluronate
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abnormally decreased viscosity in synovial fluid results from
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depolymerization of hyaluronate by neutrophilic enzymes
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a synovial fluid specimen is received in the lab 2 hours after collection. what change to the fluid will most likely have taken place
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crystals may have precipitated or dissolved
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this anticoagulant should be used with a synovial fluid specimen when needed
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sodium heparin
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a synovial fluid specimen has a high cell count and requires dilution to be counted. which diluent should be used
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normal saline
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this result from synovial fluid analysis indicates a joint disease process
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a diff count showing greater than 25% neutrophils
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differentiation of synovial fluid cyrstals, based on their birefringence, is achieved using
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compensated polarizing microscopy
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the microscopic examination of synovial fluid for crystals can be difficult because
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(all answers)
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this crystal characteristacally occurs in patients with gout
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monosodium urate cyrstals
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these crystals are not birefringent in synovial fluid
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hydroxyapatite crystals
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assuming a pt is fasting, these analytes are normally present in the synovial fluid in essentially the same concentration as in the blood plasma
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glucose and uric acid
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this provides a definitive diagnosis of a specific joint condition
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staph bacteria ID by gram stain
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synovial specimen reveals: cloudy, yellow-green fluid of low viscosity, total leukocyte count of 98,000 cells/microliter, plasma-synovial fluid glucose differnece of 47 mg/dl
specimen would most likely be classified as |
septic
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an analysis of synovial fluid specimen reveals: yellow fluid of high viscosity, total leukocyte count of 300 cells /microliter, plasma-synovial fluid differnece of 17 mg/dl
the specimen would be classified as |
noninflammatory
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statement about serous fluid-filled body cavities
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all 4 are true
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this mechanism is responsible of the formation of serous fluid in body cavities
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ultrafiltration of circulating blood plasma
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this condition enhances the formation of serous fluid in a body cavity
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increased capillary permeability
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the pathologic accumulatino of fluid in a body cavity is called
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an effusion
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para centesis and seroud fluid testing are performed to
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remove serous fluids that may be compressing a vital organ, determine the pathologic cause of an effusion, ID an effusion as a transudate or an exudate
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thoracentesis refers specifically to the removal of fluid from the
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pleural cavity
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which paramaters best IDs a fluid as a transudate or an exudate
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total protein ration an dlactate dehydrogenase ratio
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chylous and pseudochylous effusions are differntiated by their
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triglyceride concentrations
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this condition is most often associated with the formation of a transudate
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congestive heart failure
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neoplasms, infections, RA, trauma
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exudate
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hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome
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transudate
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this lab finding on an effusion does not indicate a specific diagnosis
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serous fluid glucose concentration less than 60 mg/dl
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abnormally low fluid pH measurements are useful in evaluatin conditions associate with
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pleural effusions
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a pleural of periotneal fluid amylase level 2 times higher than the serum amylase level can be found in effusion resulting from
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pancreatitis
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a glucose concentration difference greater than 30 mg/dl between the serum and an effusion is associated with
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rhematoid arthritis
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this action can adversely affect the chances of obtaining a positive stain or cultrue when perfoming microbiologic studies on infectious serous fluid
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storing serous fluid specimens at refrigerator temps
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