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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define: anabolism
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it is the build up, assimilation, or cinversion of ingested substances.
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Define: anatomic poistion
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a standard position of the body: standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward. This position is used as a reference to describe sites or motions of various parts of the body
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Define: cilia
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Tiny, hair-like projections from a cell. In the respiratory tract, cilia beat constantly in order to move mucus and debris up and out of the respiratory tree, in order to protect the lung from infection or irritation by foreign bodies.
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Define: atom
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the smallest component of an element that retains the element's chemical properties. Atoms comprise molecules and are themselves divisible into electrons, neutrons, and protons
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Define: body cavity
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any of the spaces in the human body that contain organs. One major cavity, the thoracic cavity, is subdivided into a pericardial and two pleural cavities.
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Define: catabolism
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any destructive process by which complex substances are converted by living cells into more simple compounds, with release of energy. A process of metabolism that breaks down complex substances into simple ones
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Define: cell
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1. any of the protoplasmic masses making up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm enclosed in a cell or plasma membrane. It is the fundamental, structural, and functional unit of living organisms. In some of the lower forms of life, such as bacteria, a morphological nucleus is absent, although nucleoproteins (and genes) are present.
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Define: cell membrane
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The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. Also called cytomembrane, plasmalemma, plasma membrane
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Define: chemical change
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any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved
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Define: chromosome
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A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information.
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Define: cytoplasm
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The protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell
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Define: diaphragm
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A muscular membranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities and functioning in respiration. Also called midriff.
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Define: dorsal
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Anatomy Of, toward, on, in, or near the back or upper surface of an organ, part, or organism
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Define: element
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A fundamental, essential, or irreducible constituent of a composite entity.
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Define: enzyme
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Any of numerous proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms and functioning as biochemical catalysts.
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Define: eponym
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A name of a drug, structure, or disease based on or derived from the name of a person.
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Define: frontal
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denoting a longitudinal plane of the body.
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Define: gene
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A hereditary unit that occupies a specific location on a chromosome, determines a particular characteristic in an organism by directing the formation of a specific protein, and is capable of replicating itself at each cell division.
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Define: homeostasis
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1. The ability or tendency of an organism or a cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.
2. The processes used to maintain such bodily equilibrium. |
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Define: medical terminology
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a vocabulary for accurately describing the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and process in a science-based manner.
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Define: meiosis
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cell division occurring in maturation of sex cells, wherein, over two successive cell divisions, each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes typical of the somatic cells of the species, so that the gametes are haploid
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Define: membrane
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a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
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Define: metabolism
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the sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living organized substance is produced and maintained (anabolism), and also the transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism (catabolism).
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Define: mitosis
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a method of indirect cell division in which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species
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Define: physiology
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1. the science which treats of the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved.
2. the basic processes underlying the functioning of a species or class of organism, or any of its parts or processes. |
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Define: mixture
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a combination of different drugs or ingredients, as a fluid with other fluids or solids, or of a solid with a liquid.
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Define: nucleus
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A large, membrane-bound, usually spherical protoplasmic structure within a living cell, containing the cell's hereditary material and controlling its metabolism, growth, and reproduction
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Define: organ
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A differentiated part of the body that performs a specific function. A structural part of a system of the body that is composed of tissues and cells that enable it to perform a particular function, such as the liver, spleen, digestive organs, reproductive organs, or organs of special sense. Each one of the paired organs can function independently of the other.
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Define: pathophysiology
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1. The functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury.
2. The study of such changes. Also called physiopathology. |
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Define: physical change
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a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition
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Define: plane
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a flat surface determined by the position of three points in space
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Define: plasma membrane
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the structure, composed of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell, forming a selectively permeable barrier.
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Define: platelet
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a small disk or platelike structure, the smallest of the formed elements in blood. Blood platelets (called also thrombocytes) are disk-shaped, non-nucleated blood elements with a very fragile membrane; they tend to adhere to uneven or damaged surfaces
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Define: protoplasm
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The complex, semifluid, translucent substance that constitutes the living matter of plant and animal cells and manifests the essential life functions of a cell. Composed of proteins, fats, and other molecules suspended in water, it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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Define: quadrant
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one of four corresponding parts, or quarters, as of the surface of the abdomen or of the field of vision.
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Define: sagittal
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situated in the direction of the sagittal suture; said of an anteroposterior plane or section parallel to the median plane of the body.
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Define: system
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A set or series of interconnected or interdependent parts or entities (objects, organs, or organisms) that act together in a common purpose or produce results impossible by action of one alone.
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Define: tissue
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an aggregation of similarly specialized cells which together perform certain special functions.
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Define: transverse
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extending from side to side; situated at right angles to the long axis of the body into upper and lower parts and are at right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes.
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Define: ventral
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1. pertaining to the abdomen or to any venter.
2. directed toward or situated on the belly surface; opposite of dorsal. |
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Acronyms: DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid the nucleic acid in which the sugar is deoxyribose; composed also of phosphoric acid and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. It constitutes the primary genetic material of all cellular organisms and the DNA viruses and occurs predominantly in the nucleus, usually as a double helix (q.v.), where it serves as a template for synthesis of ribonucleic acid (transcription).
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Acronyms: LLQ
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left lower quadrant (of the abdomen)
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Acronyms: LUQ
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left upper quadrant (of the abdomen)
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Acronyms: RBC'S
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Red blood cell, erythrocyte
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Acronyms: RLQ
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right lower quadrant (of the abdomen)
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Acronyms: RNA
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a nucleic acid found in all living cells, constituting the genetic material in the RNA viruses, and playing a role in the flow of genetic information; it is a linear polymer which on hydrolysis yields adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, ribose, and phosphoric acid and which may contain extensive secondary structure.
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Acronyms: RUQ
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right upper quadrant (of the abdomen)
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Acronyms: WBC'S
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white blood cell (leukocyte); white blood (cell) count.
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Define: abdominopelvic
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pertaining to the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
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Define: Cytology
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the study of cells, their origin, structure, function, and pathology
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Define: mitochondria
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Spherical or rod shaped parts of the cell. Mitochondria contain genetic material (DNA and RNA) and are responsible for converting food to energy.
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Define: golgi aparatus
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the small membranous structures found in most cells, composed of various elements associated with the formation of carbohydrate side chains of glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides, and other substances. Also called
Golgi body or Golgi complex. |
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Define: Lysosomes
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the self-contained organelles found inside most cells, which contain hydrolytic enzymes that aid in intracellular digestion. If these enzymes are released into the cytoplasm, they cause the cell to self-digest.
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Define: Endoplasmic reticulum
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an ultramicroscopic organelle of nearly all higher plant and animal cells, consisting of a system of membrane-bound cavities in the cytoplasm; occurring in two types, rough-surfaced (granular r.), bearing large numbers of ribosomes on its outer surface, and smooth-surfaced
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Define: ribosomes
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any of the intracellular ribonucleoprotein particles concerned with protein synthesis; they consist of reversibly dissociable units and are found either bound to cell membranes or free in the cytoplasm. They may occur singly or occur in clusters (polyribosomes
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Define: Centrosomes
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a specialized area of condensed cytoplasm containing the centrioles and playing an important part in mitosis.
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Define: Nucleolus
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A small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell, usually associated with a specific chromosomal site and involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis and the formation of ribosomes.
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Position: superior
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positioned toward the head or above the referent.
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Position: inferior
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a part of the body located below another; the opposite of
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Position: Cranial
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positioned over or toward the cranium. Also called
superior or cephalic. |
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Define: mitochondria
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Spherical or rod shaped parts of the cell. Mitochondria contain genetic material (DNA and RNA) and are responsible for converting food to energy.
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Define: golgi aparatus
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the small membranous structures found in most cells, composed of various elements associated with the formation of carbohydrate side chains of glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides, and other substances. Also called
Golgi body or Golgi complex. |
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Define: Lysosomes
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the self-contained organelles found inside most cells, which contain hydrolytic enzymes that aid in intracellular digestion. If these enzymes are released into the cytoplasm, they cause the cell to self-digest.
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Define: Endoplasmic reticulum
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an ultramicroscopic organelle of nearly all higher plant and animal cells, consisting of a system of membrane-bound cavities in the cytoplasm; occurring in two types, rough-surfaced (granular r.), bearing large numbers of ribosomes on its outer surface, and smooth-surfaced
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Define: ribosomes
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any of the intracellular ribonucleoprotein particles concerned with protein synthesis; they consist of reversibly dissociable units and are found either bound to cell membranes or free in the cytoplasm. They may occur singly or occur in clusters (polyribosomes
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Define: Centrosomes
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a specialized area of condensed cytoplasm containing the centrioles and playing an important part in mitosis.
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Define: Nucleolus
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A small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell, usually associated with a specific chromosomal site and involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis and the formation of ribosomes.
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Position: superior
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positioned toward the head or above the referent. Also called
cranial or |
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Position: inferior
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a part of the body located below another; the opposite of
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Position: Cranial
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positioned over or toward the cranium. Also called
superior or cephalic. |
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Position: Superior
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situated above or oriented toward a higher place, as the head is superior to the torso
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Position: Inferior
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situated below a given point of reference, as the feet are inferior to the legs.
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Position: Cranial
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positioned over or toward the cranium. Also called
superior or cephalic. |
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Position: Caudal
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situated more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified reference point; toward the inferior (in humans) or posterior (in animals) end of the body.
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Position: Anterior or Ventral
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situated at or directed toward the front; opposite of posterior. In quadrupeds the use of the term is limited to parts of the head but is often used to mean cranially. In bipeds such as humans it is synonymous with ventral.
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Position: Posterior or Dorsal
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directed toward or situated at the back; opposite of anterior. In quadrupeds usually applied only to parts of the head.
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Position: Medial
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situated toward the median plane or midline of the body or a structure.
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Position: Lateral
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1. Relating to or situated at or on the side.
2. Situated or extending away from the median plane of the body. 3. Relating to the left or right lateral region of the abdomen. |
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Position: External
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situated or occurring on the outside. In anatomy, situated toward or near the outside; lateral.
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Position: Proximal
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nearest to a point of reference, as to a center or median line or to the point of attachment or origin.
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Position: Distal
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Anatomically located far from a point of reference, such as an origin or a point of attachment.
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Position: Central
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situated at or pertaining to a center; not peripheral.
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Position: Peripheral
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Of or relating to the surface or outer part of a body or organ; external.
Of, relating to, or being part of the peripheral nervous system. |
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Position: Parietal
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1. of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity.
2. pertaining to or located near the parietal bone. |
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Position: Visceral
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pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs in the abdominal cavity
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Position: Supine
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1. Lying on the back; having the face upward.
2. Having the palm of the hand or sole of the foot upward. |
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Position: Prone
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Lying with the front or face downward.
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Position: Deep
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situated far beneath the surface; not superficial.
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Position: Superficial
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1. Of, affecting, or being on or near the surface.
2. Not thorough. |
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Tissue: Epithelial
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pertaining to or involving the outer layer of the skin. A general name for tissues not derived from the mesoderm
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Tissue: Connective
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The tissue that binds together and is the ground substance of the various parts and organs of the body
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Tissue: Muscle
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the substance of muscle, consisting of muscle fibers, muscle cells, connective tissue, and extracellular material.
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Tissue: Nerve
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the specialized tissue making up the central and peripheral nervous systems, consisting of neurons with their processes, other specialized or supporting cells, and extracellular material.
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Define: avascular
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Not associated with or supplied by blood vessels
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Define: diffusion
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1. the process of becoming diffused, or widely spread.
2. the spontaneous movement of molecules or other particles in solution, owing to their random thermal motion, to reach a uniform concentration throughout the solvent, a process requiring no addition of energy to the system. |
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Define: Stratified
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formed or arranged in layers.
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Define: Squamous
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scaly or platelike.
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Define: Transitional epithelium
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that characteristically found lining hollow organs that are subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention; originally thought to represent a transition between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium
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Define: Ciliated epithelium
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that bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface
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Tissue: Areolar
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connective tissue made up largely of interlacing fibers
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Tissue: fibrous tissue
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the common connective tissue of the body, composed of yellow or white parallel fibers
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Tissue: elastic tissue
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connective tissue made up of yellow elastic fibers, frequently massed into sheets.
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Tissue: adipose tissue
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connective tissue made of fat cells in meshwork of areolar tissue
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Membranes: mucous
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the membrane lining various canals and cavities of the body
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Membranes: serous
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a general term for a membrane or other structure covering or lining a body part or organ
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Membranes: parietal
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1. of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity.
2. pertaining to or located near the parietal bone. |
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Membranes: Skeletal
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are connective tissue membranes that cover bones and cartilage
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Membranes: synovial
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1. the inner of the two layers of the articular capsule of a synovial joint, composed of loose connective tissue and having a free smooth surface that lines the joint cavity.
2. either of two membranes, superior and inferior, lining the articular capsule of the temporomandibular joint. |
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Membranes: Fascial
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are sheets of tissues that hold organs in place
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Organs and Systems: Organ
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a somewhat independent body part that performs a special function.
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Organs and Systems: system
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1. a set or series of interconnected or interdependent parts or entities (objects, organs, or organisms) that act together in a common purpose or produce results impossible by action of one alone.
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Organs and Systems: integumentary
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The bodily system consisting of the skin and its associated structures, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
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Organs and Systems: Musculoskeletal
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all of the muscles, bones, joints, and related structures, such as the tendons and connective tissue, that function in the movement of body parts and organs
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Organs and Systems: Nervous
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the organ system which, along with the endocrine system, correlates the adjustments and reactions of the organism to its internal and external environment, comprising the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Organs and Systems: endocrine
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the glands and other structures that elaborate and secrete hormones that are released directly into the circulatory system, influencing metabolism and other body processes; included are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, pineal body, gonads, pancreas, and paraganglia.
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Organs and Systems: cardiovascular
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the heart and blood vessels, by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body.
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Organs and Systems: lymphatic
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the lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissue, considered collectively
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Organs and Systems: immunologic
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a complex system of cellular and molecular components having the primary functions of distinguishing self from not self and of defense against foreign organisms or substances
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Organs and Systems: respiratory
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respiratory tract; the tubular and cavernous organs that allow atmospheric air to reach the membranes across which gases are exchanged with the blood
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Organs and Systems: digestive
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the organs concerned with ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food or nutritional elements.
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Organs and Systems: urinary
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the organs and passageways concerned with the production and excretion of urine, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
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