Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
volume of blood passing through per unit of time)
|
flow rate (mil/min)
|
|
What is the equation of flow rate?
|
F=Change of Pressure / Resistance
|
|
If resistance increases, flow rate
|
decreases
|
|
If pressure change increases, flow rate
|
increases
|
|
blood will flow from ___ pressure to ____ pressure
|
high, low
|
|
What does resistance depend on? (3)
|
viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius
|
|
longer the length, the ____ the resistance
|
more
|
|
Biggest determinant of the resistance is
|
radius
|
|
the smaller the radius the ____ the resistance
|
larger
|
|
resistance is proportional to
|
1/r^4
|
|
the greater the pressure change, the ___ the flow rate
|
faster
|
|
which system (systemic or pulmonary) has higher pressure
|
systemic
|
|
arteries are/are not innervated by the sympathetic ns
|
are not
|
|
Carry blood away from heart to tissues
|
arteries
|
|
Smaller branches of arteries
|
arterioles
|
|
Smallest of vessels across which all exchanges are made with surrounding cells
|
Capillaries
|
|
Return blood to heart
|
Venules
|
|
Formed when venules merge
|
Veins
|
|
oxygenated blood flows from heart to ____ then into ____ and finally onto _____
|
arteries, arterioles, capillaries
|
|
deoxygenated blood leaves ____ then goes into ____ and finally the ____ where it travels to the heart
|
capillaries, venules, veins
|
|
what vessel has vavles?
|
veins
|
|
What is the pressure resevoir/driving force?
|
arterie
|
|
during systole, the left ventricle is ____
|
contracting
|
|
contraction of smooth muscle causes
|
vasoconstriction
|
|
relaxation of smooth muscle causes
|
vasodilation
|
|
Sympathetic NS cause venous _____
|
vasoconstriction
|
|
Local does/does not override extrinsic
|
does
|
|
What causes Vasoconstriction? (7 things)
|
increase myogenic, increase O2, decrease CO2, Increase endothelin, Increase sympathetic, vasopressin; angiotension, cold
|
|
What causes Vasodilation? (7 things)
|
decrease myogenic, decrease O2, increase CO2, increase nitric oxide, decrease sympathetic, histamine, heat
|
|
Where does exchange take place between blood and tissues?
|
capillaries
|
|
What types of passive exchanges happen in capillaries
|
diffusion(nutrients, gases,waste), bulk flow (regulate ecf)
|
|
Types of capillaries
|
continuous (Small gaps between endothelial cells), fenestrated (large gaps: Found in liver, kidneys, bone marrow)
|
|
Continuous capillaries remove plasma though
|
transcytosis
|
|
what is bulk flow
|
the movement of water and solutes
|
|
what is filtration
|
movement out of capillary (beginning) hydrostatic pressure pushes fluids out at beginning
|
|
what is absorption
|
movement into capillary, osmotic pressure pulls fluid back in at end
|
|
functions of lymphatic system
|
return excess filtered fluid, defense against disease, transport absorbed fat, return filtered protein
|
|
what is the ecf of lymphatic system
|
lymph
|
|
Is it easier or harder to get into the lymphatic system then capillary beds?
|
easier because of overlapping of endothelial cells
|
|
major causes of edema
|
not enough plasma protein, Increased permeability of capillary wall (inflammation), Increased venous pressure (vasoconstriction), Blockage of lymph vessels (elephantitis)
|
|
when does edema occur
|
when too much interstitial fluid accumulates
|
|
are veins or arteries more compliant? (do not snap back into place after stretching)
|
veins, that is why they are the blood resevoir
|
|
factors which enhance venous return (6)
|
pressure from cardiac contraction, Sympathetic vasoconstriction, skeletal muscle activity, venous valves, respiratory activity, cardiac suction
|
|
arteries are ___ ___, arterioles are ___ ___, veins are ____ ____, lympathic system ____ ____ ____, capillaries does ___
|
pressure reservoir, resistance vessels, volume reservoirs, returns large items, exchange
|
|
force exerted on vessel wall
|
blood pressure
|
|
what does blood pressure depends on
|
volume of blood contained in vessel, compliance of vessel wall
|
|
pressure during ventricular ejection
|
systolic
|
|
pressure during ventricular relaxation
|
diastolic
|
|
pressure during stretching due to contraction
|
systolic
|
|
pressure during recoiling
|
diastolic
|
|
___ pressure is peak pressure and ____ is minimum pressure
|
systolic, diastolic
|
|
average systolic pressure
|
120
|
|
average diastolic pressure
|
80
|
|
what is little blip near peak of arterial pressure
|
when semilunar valves close
|
|
what is pulse pressure
|
systolic - diastolic
|
|
what is Mean arterial pressure
|
Average pressure driving blood forward into tissues throughout cardiac cycle
|
|
formula for mean arterial pressure
|
diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure
|
|
mean arterial pressure is constantly monitored by
|
baroreceptors
|
|
nervous system does __ ___ control adjustments
|
short term, within seconds, heart, veins, arterioles
|
|
endocrine system does ___ ___ adjustments
|
long term, within minutes - days, kidneys and urinary system
|
|
baroreceptors in ___ ___ and ___ ___
|
aortic arch, carotid arteries
|
|
increase in blood pressure, baroreceptors fire ____ ____ of action potentials, whereas a decrease in blood pressure causes baroreceptors to fire ___ ___ of action potentials
|
higher frequency, lower frequency
|
|
what is the control center of the cardiovascular system
|
medulla oblongata
|
|
what are the inputs for cardiovascular communication with the brain
|
arterial baroreceptors, low pressure receptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors, higher brain receptors
|
|
what are the outputs for cardiovascular communication with the brain
|
parasympathetic, sympathetic
|
|
parasympathetic innervates what?
|
sa node, decrease heart rate
|
|
sympathetic innervates what
|
sa node, increase heart rate, innervates mycardium, contraction force, vasoconstriction in veins
|
|
what is hypertension
|
High blood pressure regularly above 140/90
|
|
what is hypotension
|
low blood pressure regularly below 100/60
|
|
what does angiotensin do?
|
hormone that does vasoconstriction, increases total peripheral resistance, raises blood pressure and can lead to hypertension
|
|
what is ventilation?
|
movement of air into and out of the lungs
|
|
what does histamine cause the lungs to do?
|
bronchoconstriction
|
|
what hormone causes bronchodilation
|
epinephrine, norepinephrine
|
|
How does the sympathetic ns affect bronchioles? parasympathetic?
|
bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction
|