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Bioethics

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Applied ethical study that deals with normal problems that demand deliberate decision.

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Ethical Theories

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- Provides a schema, structure, or framework in order that the rightness or wrongness, and goodness, or badness, of human conduct will be determined- These are important guides for one to make a moral judgement.

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Deontological Ethics

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- An ethical study or ethical inquiry regarding duty.

- Consequences are completely irrevelant.

- It focuses on the rightness and wrongness of actions.

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Immanuel Kant

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Perfect and imperfect

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2 divisions of duty

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Universality and Humanity

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Immanuel Kant founded 2 principles

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William David ross

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- Scottish Philosopher

- He introduced the "Prima Facie" duties = conditional duties

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Fidelity

Reparation

Gratitude

Beneficence

Nonmaleficence

Justice

Self-Improvement

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Prima Facie duties

duties

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TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS

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- Derives moral obligation from what is considered good or desirable as an end or purpose to be achieved

- Focuses on the consequences of the act that is executed by the agent premised on the purpose or reason why the agent performs the act.

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CONSEQUENTIALISM / UTILITARIANISM

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- It refers to those theories which hold that the consequences ot aparticular act form the basis for any valid judgment about the action.

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Utilitarianism

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The act is right if its consequences yield happiness orpleasure to the greatest number of people.

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Gertrude Ellzabeth Margaret Anscambe

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Consequentialism was introduced by

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UTILITARIAN ETHICS

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- An ethical theory that espouses.the concept that if one is happy or pleased with one's act, then one is a good human person.- An act that refuses to yield to pleasure or happlness is a wrong act.

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Eudaimonistic and Hedonistic

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2 divisions of Utilitarianism : Act & Rule

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Physical

Political

Moral

Religious

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Bentham's 4 Sanctions

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Hedonic Calculus

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it is a tool or the criterion to determine-the quantitative-value of pleasure.

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Intensity,

Duration,

Certainty,

Propinquity,

Fecundity,

Purity,

Extent

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7 Circumstances

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John Stuart Mill

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- Happiness is the most fundamental principle of morality and the source of moral obligation. - Not interested of "who gains happiness " rather what the DEGREE of happiness of the doer

- Happiness is the most fundamental principle of morality and the source of moral obligation. - Not interested of "who gains happiness " rather what the DEGREE of happiness of the doer

- Not interested of "who gains happiness " rather what the DEGREE of happiness of the doer

- Not interested of "who gains happiness " rather what the DEGREE of happiness of the doer

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"the greatest happiness to thegreatest degree"

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John Stuart Mill qoute

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Jeremy Bentham

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* He believes that ethics is based on the dictates of nature which demands human to be moral.* PAIN & PLEASURE

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Perfect Duty

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compulsory to do or one that must be abstained.

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Imperfect Duty

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one promotes or pursues certain actions.

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ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

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THE END (purpose/reason) why a human person performs an act is because the actor wishes to satisfy his/her own needs and also the needs of others.

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1. If it is desirable to us for its own sake;

2. If it is sufficient in itself to satisfy us;

3. If it is attainable by the wise among us;

4. If it offers happiness to us.

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Criteria for the act to be MORALLY ACCEPTABLE:

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1. If the act is in itself overt

,2. If the agent acts because of a motive that prompts him/her to act;

3. If the agent is responsible for the consequences of his/her actions.

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Conditions that must be considered actions as voluntary or willful:

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Eudaimonistic

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that man should act so as to produce the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people.

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Hedonistic

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that human persons should act so that the rule governing their actions will produce the greatest happiness for the most number of people.

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Psychological Hedonism

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by nature, man is capable of doing only those actions which give him pleasure and that he avoids those actions that give him pain.

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Egoistic Hedonism

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man is principally obligated to seek for his own pleasure even if this will cause deprivation of the rest.