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29 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Bioethics

Applied ethical study that deals with normal problems that demand deliberate decision.

Ethical Theories


- Provides a schema, structure, or framework in order that the rightness or wrongness, and goodness, or badness, of human conduct will be determined- These are important guides for one to make a moral judgement.

Deontological Ethics




- An ethical study or ethical inquiry regarding duty.


- Consequences are completely irrevelant.


- It focuses on the rightness and wrongness of actions.

Immanuel Kant

Perfect and imperfect

2 divisions of duty

Universality and Humanity

Immanuel Kant founded 2 principles

William David ross

- Scottish Philosopher


- He introduced the "Prima Facie" duties = conditional duties

Fidelity


Reparation


Gratitude


Beneficence


Nonmaleficence


Justice


Self-Improvement

Prima Facie duties


duties

TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS


- Derives moral obligation from what is considered good or desirable as an end or purpose to be achieved


- Focuses on the consequences of the act that is executed by the agent premised on the purpose or reason why the agent performs the act.

CONSEQUENTIALISM / UTILITARIANISM

- It refers to those theories which hold that the consequences ot aparticular act form the basis for any valid judgment about the action.

Utilitarianism

The act is right if its consequences yield happiness orpleasure to the greatest number of people.

Gertrude Ellzabeth Margaret Anscambe

Consequentialism was introduced by

UTILITARIAN ETHICS

- An ethical theory that espouses.the concept that if one is happy or pleased with one's act, then one is a good human person.- An act that refuses to yield to pleasure or happlness is a wrong act.

Eudaimonistic and Hedonistic

2 divisions of Utilitarianism : Act & Rule

Physical


Political


Moral


Religious

Bentham's 4 Sanctions

Hedonic Calculus

it is a tool or the criterion to determine-the quantitative-value of pleasure.

Intensity,


Duration,


Certainty,


Propinquity,


Fecundity,


Purity,


Extent

7 Circumstances

John Stuart Mill

- Happiness is the most fundamental principle of morality and the source of moral obligation. - Not interested of "who gains happiness " rather what the DEGREE of happiness of the doer


- Happiness is the most fundamental principle of morality and the source of moral obligation. - Not interested of "who gains happiness " rather what the DEGREE of happiness of the doer


- Not interested of "who gains happiness " rather what the DEGREE of happiness of the doer


- Not interested of "who gains happiness " rather what the DEGREE of happiness of the doer

"the greatest happiness to thegreatest degree"

John Stuart Mill qoute

Jeremy Bentham

* He believes that ethics is based on the dictates of nature which demands human to be moral.* PAIN & PLEASURE


Perfect Duty

compulsory to do or one that must be abstained.

Imperfect Duty

one promotes or pursues certain actions.


ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

THE END (purpose/reason) why a human person performs an act is because the actor wishes to satisfy his/her own needs and also the needs of others.

1. If it is desirable to us for its own sake;


2. If it is sufficient in itself to satisfy us;


3. If it is attainable by the wise among us;


4. If it offers happiness to us.


Criteria for the act to be MORALLY ACCEPTABLE:

1. If the act is in itself overt


,2. If the agent acts because of a motive that prompts him/her to act;


3. If the agent is responsible for the consequences of his/her actions.


Conditions that must be considered actions as voluntary or willful:

Eudaimonistic

that man should act so as to produce the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people.

Hedonistic

that human persons should act so that the rule governing their actions will produce the greatest happiness for the most number of people.

Psychological Hedonism

by nature, man is capable of doing only those actions which give him pleasure and that he avoids those actions that give him pain.

Egoistic Hedonism

man is principally obligated to seek for his own pleasure even if this will cause deprivation of the rest.