Bis 2B Lab Practical

Front 1

sampling

Back 1

collecting information about species present in an area

Front 2

sampling scheme

Back 2

ways to sample, for example, quadrat and transect

Front 3

transect

Back 3

biologist runs a line through the habitat, every organism founded within a fixed distance from the line is recorded

Front 4

quadrat

Back 4

habitat is divided into rectangles of known size, a certain number are randomly selected for sampling

Front 5

relative abundance

Back 5

how many of each species are present

Front 6

Shannon Wiener Index

Back 6

measures number of species and species evenness

Front 7

Rarefaction plot

Back 7

looks at the number of species to the number of individuals present

Front 8

Organisms needs for growth and survival

Back 8

source of carbon, source of energy

Front 9

heterotrophs

Back 9

eat other organisms for energy and carbon etc.

Front 10

autotrophs

Back 10

make their own food for energy

Front 11

photosynthesis

Back 11

plants harness sunlight for energy (ATP) which is then fixed to CO2 to make carbohydrates

Front 12

chemoautotrophs

Back 12

fix CO2 but use energy from the breaking of chemical bonds in substances (oxidizing them)

Front 13

extracellular digestion

Back 13

in digestive cavity, an internal sac, where enzymes break down food

Front 14

Extracellular

Back 14

takes place outside of cells

Front 15

intracellular

Back 15

takes place in cells

Front 16

decomposers or saprobes

Back 16

absorbtion of nutrients from dead organisms or biological waste products

Front 17

parasites

Back 17

organisms collect nutrients from living hosts

Front 18

biotrophs

Back 18

fungi

Front 19

pathogens

Back 19

fungi that cause disease

Front 20

light-harvesting pigments

Back 20

chorophyll

Front 21

xylem (vascular tissue)

Back 21

moves water and disssolved nutrients from the roots into the shoot

Front 22

phloem

Back 22

circulates sugars and amino acides throughout plant

Front 23

flowers

Back 23

sexual organs of plants

Front 24

endosperm

Back 24

3N, nutritive tissue that supports early growth of the diploid plant embryo, example, white part of popcorn

Front 25

seeds

Back 25

nutrient storage in the endosperm

Front 26

fruits

Back 26

nutrients are stored in the base of the flower, actually inthe ovary that enlarges after fertilzation

Front 27

adaptation

Back 27

to evolve specialization to match exteme conditions

Front 28

acclimation

Back 28

ability to alter one's phenotype as the environment changes

Front 29

tropism

Back 29

+tropism= movement toward a stimulus

-tropism=movement away from a stimulus

Front 30

gravitropism

Back 30

response to gravity

Front 31

phototropism

Back 31

response to light

Front 32

phenotypic plasticity

Back 32

genetic ability to acclimate by producing different phenotypes in different conditions

Front 33

blind or two-way guts

Back 33

one opneing and anything that cannot be digested is released via the mouth

Front 34

complete or oneway guts

Back 34

two opennings: a mouth and an anus

Front 35

processing guts

Back 35

contain regions of the digestive tract specialized for particular functions

Front 36

trichomes

Back 36

small hairs on the stems and leaves on some plants

Front 37

mobile element

Back 37

nitrogen, phosphorous, K, Cl, Mg

Front 38

immobile elements

Back 38

calcium and iron

Front 39

homodont dentition

Back 39

rows of identical teeth

Front 40

heterodont dentition

Back 40

variety of teeh for shearing, crushing, or grinding

Front 41

carnivore teeth

Back 41

concical, bladelike, sharp, strong, slicing motion for biting, have canines

Front 42

herbivore teeth

Back 42

sharp incisors and heavy grinding teeth, incisors clip the plant, and molars for grinding, they have a gap in the jaw where there are no teeth (diastema) region where canines and premolars

Front 43

saprotrophs

Back 43

feed on decaying organisms

Front 44

parasites

Back 44

consume part of a lving organism without killing it

Front 45

hyphae

Back 45

is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium

Front 46

oxygen pickup

Back 46

gills lungs

Front 47

oxygen distribution

Back 47

blood in circulatory system

Front 48

density

Back 48

number of individuals preset in a cartain area (1 organism/ 10m^2)= .1

Front 49

intraspecific competition

Back 49

compete with members of their own species

Front 50

density-dependent

Back 50

rates like birth rate and death rate are affected by rgw density of organisms already present at each time period

Front 51

finite rate of increase

Back 51

calculates the number of new individuals produced per existing individual during that time period

Front 52

genotype

Back 52

gentic makeup

Front 53

phenotype

Back 53

physical makeup

Front 54

alleles

Back 54

versions of genes

Front 55

fitness

Back 55

the number of an individual's offspring that survive to reproduce

Front 56

relative fitness

Back 56

number of offspring that survive to reproduce in comparioson to the population average

Front 57

purpose of morph lab

Back 57

discover whether there are costs and benfits in terms or realitve fitness to possessing a particular genotype

Front 58

interspecific competition

Back 58

occurs when an organism competes for resources with members of another species

Front 59

SS

Back 59

eyes (red is dominant) (sepia is recesssive)

Front 60

EE

Back 60

body (brown is dominant) (ebony is recessive)

Front 61

population genetics

Back 61

study the entire collection of individuals by recording the frequencies of the genotypes and the frequencies of the alleles

Front 62

community age

Back 62

older communities have had more time to be colonized by species from surrounding areas and for interactions among species to have effects

Front 63

succession

Back 63

community richness and composition changes over time

Front 64

energy inputs

Back 64

all the food webs are based on primary productivity (carbon fixation) so productive areas, such as equatorial regions with abundant light and warm temperatures, should support more species

Front 65

resource availability

Back 65

communities with a range of resources (heterogenous habitats) should contain more species

Front 66

competition

Back 66

given sufficient time, a superior competitor may dominate a community, monopolize resources, and exclude other species (reduces diversity)

Front 67

predation

Back 67

large or ecologically important predators reduce prey population sizes, this may reduce competition, permitting many different species to persist

Front 68

facilitation or habitat modification

Back 68

the activites or mere presence of some species modify the physical environment in a way that enhances the success of other species, leading to changes in species composition

Front 69

access to colonists

Back 69

isolated communities recieve fewer colonists than less isolated communities, so isolated communities may have lower diversity

Front 70

rates of disturbance

Back 70

frequent disturbance removes both individuals and species, contiually providing open space and preventing dominance by superior competitiors. May lead to an increase in diversity

Front 71

unitary

Back 71

one individual

Front 72

modular

Back 72

colony of individuals

Front 73

primary producers

Back 73

fix carbon from the atmosphere into organic compounds

Front 74

primary consumers

Back 74

eat primary producers

Front 75

secondary consumers

Back 75

feed on primary consumers

Front 76

biomass

Back 76

biological tissue volume

Front 77

food web

Back 77

a collection of trophic levels connected by the flow of energy or biomass

Front 78

refuge

Back 78

when prey moves into a place where a predator cannot go

Front 79

refuge in time

Back 79

if a prey animal spends part of its life in a stage or phase where the predator cannot eat it

Front 80

refuge in body size

Back 80

prey organism may grow too large to consume, or reach a size hwere it can defend itself from the predator

Front 81

risk assessment

Back 81

organisms are able to assess the potential costs and benefits of staying in a refuge

Front 82

quatitative trait

Back 82

determined by multiple genes