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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathogens
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disease causing organisms or viruses
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Infectious diseases
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diseases that are caused by pathogens
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Nonspecific defenses
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barriers that do not distinguish one invader from another
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Inflammatory response
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a nonspecific defense characterized by redness, heat, swelling and pain
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Histamine
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a chemical alarm signal released by massed cells that causes blood vessels to dialate during an inflammatory response
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Interferon
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a family of proteins produced by cells in response to becoming infected by a virus
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Immunity
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body is resistant to the pathogen that causes a specific disease
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Antigen
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a large molecule that is usually a protein that provokes an immune response
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Antibodies
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proteins found on the surface of a certain white blood cell or in blood plasma that attach to particular antigens
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B cells
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a lymphocytes that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies; responsible for humoral immunity
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T cells
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lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; is responsible for cell-mediated immunity and also plays a role in humoral immunity
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Plasma cell
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produces and secretes antibodies specific to the antigen that activated the original B cell
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Humoral immunity
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specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids
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Cell mediated immunity
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a type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells
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Cytotoxic T cells
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lymphocytes that attack body cells infected with pathogens
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Helper T cells
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lymphocyte that activites cytotoxic T-cells and stimulates B cells to produce antibodies
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Memory cells
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long lasting lymphocytes that are formed during the primary immune response that is re-activated on exposure to the same pathogen quickly producing many clones
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Vaccine
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a dose of a pathogen or part of a pathogen that has been disabled or destroyed so it is no longer harmful
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Active immunity
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immunity provided by the body; when the body produces it’s own antibodies against an antigen; result from exposure to the antigen (infection or vaccine)
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Passive immunity
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a resistance to a particular pathogen that results when the body acquires antibodies for it; as when a baby receives antibodies from its mother
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Allergy
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an abnormal over-sensitivity to an otherwise non-harmful antigen called an allergen
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Autoimmune disease
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a disorder in which the immune system attacks the bodies own molecules
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AIDS
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome – the late stages of HIV infection
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus – causes AIDS
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The First Line: Barriers
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*physical barrier: bodies first line of defense is skin (nonspecific defenses)
*chemical barriers: sweat (lysozyme – breaks down cell walls of many bacteria) and oil glands *saliva and tears protect disease from entering the mouth and eyes *digestive and respiratory passageways are lined with mucous membranes – another barrier |
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Second Line: Internal Nonspecific Defenses
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Second line of defense: pathogen destroying white blood cells, the inflammatory response, and certain specialized proteins
*macrophages (“big eaters”) –found mostly in interstitial fluid – when it encounters a pathogen it engulfs the organism – lysozyme kills the pathogen *neutrophils – smaller and more numerous in the body than macrophages, also kill pathogens by phagocytosis(cellular eating) – produces a chemical similar to bleach that may also kill the neutraphil *natural killer cell (NK) –do not attack pathogens directly, they recognize infected body cells and kill them by releasing chemicals that poke holes in the infected cell’s membrane –play a key role in defending against cancer by killing abnormal cells before they can form a tumor *inflammatory response |
