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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do we have as evidence of evolution? |
Fossil records that show the changes and adaptions of animals, with relative time line. |
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Describe the difference between homologous and analogous? |
Homologous is the same origin, but replaced with a new function. Like the human hand and a cat paw. Analogous is the same function, but different origin, like bat wings and bird |
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What are two examples of genetic drift, and what is genetic drifts significance? |
The founder effect: When a smaller population break off from a larger population, like when a group of people leave a mainland to colonize a smaller island. The bottleneck effect: When a population is suddenly shrunk down, due to a catastrophic event. Such as a earthquake or fire. Genetic drift changes the allele frequency of the population, which can cause the remaining population to favour one specific allele. |
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What are 3 ways natural selection can effect alleles of a population? (potential exam question) |
1. Stabilizing selection- the original characteristics are favoured, such as an albino deer would stick out more and be easier to hunt. 2. Directional Selection- One allele is favoured over the rest. Moths that rest on trees that have the same colour as the bark are more successful then moths that don't match and stick out. 3. Disruptive selection- Being one extreme characteristic or the other is more favourable than being a hybrid. Being a horse or a donkey are more successful than being a mule, because mules can't make babies. |
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What is the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium model? What is it's importance? |
The model that states all alleles will stay constant unless their is an outside factor such as: mutations, genetic drift, non random mating, migration, natural selection. The equation is represented by p^2+2pq+q^2=1 This model although not totally realistic helps us estimate approximate allele frequencies by using the equation, if we have some of the information. |
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How does sexual selection have a role with the appearance of species, specifically between the two different sexes? |
In many species the male or female will have to attract a mate by either behavioural or appearances. In general the male will most often be the one who has to attract the female, so they will often appear more decorated, whereas the female will be more plain looking. |
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What are 4 different ways to classify species? |
1. Morphology 2. Biological species concept- the ability to create offspring 3. Ecological species concept- What the animals eat or live 4. Phylogenetic species concept- Using DNA there are many, because no single one is accurate 100 percent of the time, because species is a man made concept. |
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What are some prezygotic (before mating) barriers for breeding between non-species: (5 examples) |
1.Habitat- different homes 2. Temporal - different breeding times 3. Behavioural- Different mating rituals 4. Mechanical- Different mating tools 5. Gametic- Different sperm egg compatibility |
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What are some postzygotic (after mating) barriers for breeding between non species (3 examples) |
1. Reduced hybrid viability- The offspring is unable to survive 2. no hybrid fertility- The offspring cannot reproduce 3. Hybrid break down- The offspring is able to mate and have a baby, but the baby is non fertile. |
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What is Allopatric speciation, and what is an example? (potential exam question) |
A type of speciation, where there is a geographical barrier between a population that separates the population into two groups. This causes two different environments for each new group of the once single population. Eventually, both groups that use to be one uniform group will change through time and begin to become more and more different until they are different species. For example, A huge windstorm causes a large group of butterflies to split up. Some fly up a mountain and other stay down near the ground. The butterflies on the mountain feed off of mountain flowers(red) and the butterflies on the ground feed off of a flower that may be different (blue). Eventually, after 100 years the butterflies are put into the same area, but the blue flower feeding butterflies and red flower feeding butterflies prefer their own kind. |
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What is sympatric speciation, and what is an example? (potential exam question) |
In the same geographical area a population has two alleles, and they become favoured to a point, where the characteristics are so different they are their own species. This is an example of disruptive selection. Red bufferflies and blue butterflies both attract mates, but a purple buttefly (hybrid of the two) can't get any mates. Therefore to separate themselves from purple butterflies as much as possible the blue butterflies become super blue and the red butterflies becomes super red. |
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What is Pangea? |
The original land of earth, before the different continents existed. |
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What is convergent evolution? |
This is observed in phylogenies, where an organism resembles another for a given trait, but it independently evolved, usually as a reaction to a similar environment. |
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What is a clade? |
A clade is a group that includes the ancestral species and all of the descendents. |
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When talking about phylogenies what is the in group and out group ? |
The outgroup is the species that has diverged away and is used to compare to the ingroup. The ingroup is the lineage of interest. An outgroup generally possesses as little as possible similarities to the ingroup, to allow the ingroup to group together better with more similarities. |
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What are some of the difficulties with classifying species with molecular systematics (by their dna) |
1. Certain genes have different molecular clocks, meaning they change and mutate faster, so it may look like two animals are different species, but really the gene is just changing really fast. 2. Bacteria can do horizontal gene transfer, which is the exchanging of DNA between bacteria by passing it through, rather than only passing it through generation to generation. This means you can't keep track of it the same way you would a family tree, because bacteria could share dna with non-related bacteria. |
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What are stromatolites? |
The first photosynthetic bacteria with a fossil record, so in a way this is the closest to the original ancestor we actually have real evidence for. These guys were super important, because when they existed they were probably the only thing that could, but because they created oxygen from carbon dioxide, eventually they actually changed the earths environment more similar to what it is like now allowing for other organisms to grow. |
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What are protocells? |
The prototype of a cell basically. Before there was legitimate cells during the creation of life, the first "cells" were created by fat inside of water, which creates a circular sac filled with water spontaneously since they are hydrophobic. -These cells then eventually caught a strand of RNA that randomly assembled and became the first thing that was the start of cells. |
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What is a pathogen? |
A diseased causing agent |
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What are 3 shapes bacteria can take on? |
cocci- circular bacilli- rod shaped spirilla- long string saped |
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What is the gram stain test? |
It is a test that uses stained colour to help classify what type of bacteria a targeted bacteria is. There is gram positive- which means there is a peptidoglycan cell well. This is basically a sugar composed wall for protection. (purple) There is gram negative- which means there is no or less peptidoglycan. This usually means the bacteria is more complex and more dangerous. (pink) |
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Certain bacteria have projections on their exterior. These are either flagella or fimbrae. What does each do? |
A flagella is like a tail on the bacteria that beats around like a motor for locomotion (movement) Fimbrae are little protruding spikes that let the bacteria stick to a surface for coloonization. |
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if bacteria are so simple, why are the so successful? What are some adaptions they have to make them so much more successful than eukaryotes? (theres 10x the total weight of all eukaryotes if you took the total weight of all prokaryotes.) |
They are successful, because of their simplicity. Is it easier to remake something made up of a few things or something made up of so many different chemicals in different proportions like a human. Prokaryotes have the adaptions: 1. Fast replication 2.lots of mutations to prevent antibiotics to kill them all, 3. plasmids that can be horizontally transferred with information on how to survive antibiotics 4. the ability to become and endospore, which is basically a dormant state that can survive extreme conditions, where they can come out of when conditions are suitable again. |
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What is the difference between a photoheterotroph and a photoautotroph? |
A photoautotroph obtains energy from the sun, and creates it's own carbon by manipulating carbon dioxide. A photoheterotroph obtains energy from the sun, and uses carbon from pre-existing organic carbon, so from things that live like animals, trees, or flowers. |
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What is the difference between a chemoautotroph and a chemoheterotroph? |
A chemoautotroph- harvests energy from inorganic compounds (nonliving) like rocks, concrete, lava and creates it's own carbon by manipulating carbon dioxide. A chemoheterotroph- Obtains both energy and carbon from organic compounds (living) |
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What are 3 type of Archae protists that live in extreme environments. |
Halophile- extreme Salt environment lovers thermophiles- Extreme hot temperature lovers methaogens- extreme oxygen lacking environments. |
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What did archaeplastids develop into? |
archaeplastids became algae. |
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what did unikonts develope into? |
animals and plants |
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What adaptions did plants have to undergo to transition from water to land. |
Stomata- which are openings in the cells that allow for gas exchange, but can close to prevent water moisture. Lignin to help provide the plant with sport, since the water is no longer present to provide the plant with buoent support roots- help ground the plant, and also allow for absorption of water and soil nutrients reproduction tactics- seeds, pollen or pine cones. |
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What are the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms? |
gymnosperm- does not have a container for seeds, like a pine cone (inside a pine cone the seeds are naked) angiosperms- has a container for a seed like an apple seed. |
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What does hyphae refer to? What does chitin refer to? |
filaments for feeding of fungi The hard wall of fungus |
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What is mold? What is yeast? |
Mold is a rapid growing fungus yeast is one single celled fungus |
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What are the 5 group classifications of fungi? |
Chytrids- fungi with flagellated spores Zygomycetes- can form protective zygospores Glomermycota- Invade plant roots ascomycetes- sac like structures basidomycetes- general mushrooms |
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What are the 3 germ layers in animal cells. |
Endoderm- digestive tract ectoderm- cns system mesoderm-muscle and most organs |
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What is metamorphosis, and why is it an effect strategy to survive in some animals? |
Metamorphosis is a process where the offsprings (usually referred to as larvae) transforms into a very different appearing adult stage. It is an effective process for some, because during the early years the animal in the larval stage is specialized for one job and thats eating and growing. Then after metamorphosis the change usually allows the adult to specialize for reproduction, therefore will usually gain the ability to transport greater distances (butterfly wings, frog legs) |
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What does eumatazoa refer to? |
true tissue organisms, meaning they have real skin skin cells opposed to sponges. |
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What does radial and bilateral symmetry refer to? |
radial symmetry means there is symmetry from all directions, like a circle. Bilateral symmetry refers to only symmetry when cutting something down one side. Like a face. |
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What are the traits of porifera (sponges) |
-2 types of cells: Choanocytes- collar cells and Amoebocytes- skeletal fibers -they are suspension feeders -they are sessile (stay in one palce) -They don't have real tissue -radial symmetry |
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What are the traits of cnidarians? |
-radial symmtry -sessile polyp stage and free living medusa stage -cnidocytes for protection -gastrovascular cavity. |
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What are the traits for platyheminthesis (flatworms, tape worms, and flukes) |
-lophotrochozoan- having a head with ganglia (simple reflexive brain) -bilateral symmetry -gastrovascular cavity -open circulatory system |
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What are the traits for nematodes( round worms)? |
-Hard cuticle on the exterior -complete digestive systems -Open circulatory system |
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What are the traits for general molluscs? |
-Muscular foot -A visceral mass to contain the organs -A mantle to shield the visceral mass -a radula -open circulatory system -calcium carbonate shell |
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What are the different sub groups of molluscs? (3) |
1) Gastropods- snails 2)Bivalves-scallops and mussels 3) cephalopods- Octopus and cuttle fish |
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What are some characteristics of annelids (earthworm, polychaets and leeches)? |
-simple brain -closed circulatory system -hermaphrodites -segmentation |
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What do leeches do for feeding? |
they use their sharp teeth to cut into victims and use anticoagulents to keep blood flow |
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What are some characteristics of arthropods? |
-exoskeleton -moulting -open circulatory system -segmentation (independently) |
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What are the subgroups for arthropods? |
1. Chelicerates- Arachnids and horseshoe crabs 2. myriapoda- chilopoda (centipedes) and diplopoda (millipedes) 3. crustacea - shrimps, crabs and lobsters 4. hexapoda- insects |
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What are the characteristics of echinoderms (starfish)? |
-Endoskeleton -water vascular system -radial symmetry - regeneration -deuterstomes |
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What are the characteristics of chordata ( all other vertebrates) (4 of them) |
1). Dorsal hollow nerve cord 2) notochord 3) pharyngeal slits 4) post anal tail |
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What are urochordates and what are 2 examples of them? |
urochordates are an intermediate group of organisms that only possess partial characteristics of chordates. tunicates- they are suspension feeders, metamorphosis with a free-living larva and a sessile adult lancelots- build a mucus house for suspension feeding |
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What are the different groups of chordates and their characteristics? |
1. Hagfish (eels)-no jaws 2. Ray finned fish (tuna, trout, goldfish)- have a bone skeleton 3. lobed fin fish- rod shape bone structures in fin and lungs, said to help move short distance from pond to pond. 4. tetrapods (amphibians, Amniotes (reptiles), birds and mammals) |
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What are some characteristics of amphibians? |
- metamorphosis -ectothermal (cold blooded) - lay eggs in water |
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What are characteristics of amniotes? |
-amniotic egg adapted for land - keratin skin to prevent drying out -ectothermic- cold blooded |
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What are the characteristics of birds? |
-endothermic- warm blooded -lightened bones -no teeth -feathers |
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What are the different types of mammals and the differences? |
monotremes- platypus for example that lay eggs marsupials- carry the offspring in a pouch like kangaroos and wallabees. placental- like humans who the baby is developed internally connected to a placenta. |
