Biology Od Test #3

Front 1

How are archaeplastida different from plants?

Back 1

1. Archaeplastida is the protist supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.
2. The red algae and green algae are photosynthetic protists and land plants are part of the Kingdom Plantae.

Front 2

Draw and label the entire clade for Plantae.

Back 2

1. Red Algae
2. Chlorophytes
3. Charophytes -- sister taxa with Embryophytes
4. Embryophytes -- sister taxa with Charophytes

Front 3

Why are red algae red?

Back 3

1. Phycoerythrin
2. Due to an accessory pigment cell Phycoerythrin, which masks green of chlorophyll.

Front 4

What are red algae used for (by people)?

Back 4

1. Used in sushi wrap, Nori
2. Thickeners for ice cream
3. Fruit gushers
4. Carrageenan - thickening substance

Front 5

What's a chlorophyte?

Back 5

1. One of the green algae groups
2. Most live in fresh-water
3. Others live in damp soil/snow.
4. Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms and complex life cycles.

Front 6

Where do Chlorophytes live? 3 places.

Back 6

1. Fresh-water
2. Damp Soil
3. Snow

Front 7

Draw and label the life cycle of a Chlamydomonas.

Back 7

1. Asexual - occurs when not stressed
- Starts as a haploid mature cell
- zoospores develop when mature cell copies itself
- membrane breaks and 4 new zoospores release
2. Sexual - occurs when stressed
- Starts as a mature cell, then fuses and exchanges with a gamete
- Zygote occurs
- Meiosis occurs and four new cells are formed.

Front 8

Why are these dates important: 4.5 billion years ago (bya), 3.8 bya, 1.2 bya, 0.5 bya

Back 8

4.5 - Solar system and earth formed.
3.8 - prokaryotes in water
1.2 - cyanos on land (biofilm)
.5 - land plants form - colonization of land

Front 9

What 4 morphological traits, and two genetic datasets support the sister-taxa relationship of charophytes and land plants (embryophytes)?

Back 9

CFSP - Cedar Falls School Principal
1. Complexes for cellulose synthesis
2. Peroxisome enzymes
3. Structure of flagellated sperm
4. Formation of a phragmoplast (which are microtubules that guide cell wall formation across cell.)

1. Nuclear and Chloroplast genes point to Charophytes and Land plants being related.

Front 10

4 reasons to move to shallow water from deep.

Back 10

SMS F
1. Sunlight brighter
2. More CO2 in air than water
3. Soil rich in nutrients
4. Few herbivores and pathogens

Front 11

2 challenges of land for plants.

Back 11

1. Scarcity of water - drying up
2. Standing up - gravity pulls down on land, in water they can stand upright.

Front 12

_______________ in plants is analagous to the harder shell of a reptile.

Back 12

1. Cuticle?

Front 13

Genetically speaking, why is a gametophyte a good thing for plants?

Back 13

1. The gametophyte is a good way to get rid of bad genes.
2. Since they are haploid spores - bad genes will die, but good ones will survive.

Front 14

What are the big 4 unique traits of land plants?

Back 14

A2MW
1. Alternation of generations (with multicellular dependent embryos)
2. Walled spores produced in sporangia
3. Multicellular gametangia
4. Apical Meristems

Front 15

Draw and label a simple diagram of alternating generations

Back 15

1. Starts as adult gametophyte, then gametes combine to form sporophyte, another adult form.
2. Then the spores off of sporophytes produce gametophytes.

Front 16

Why are gametes made via mitosis and spores via meiosis?

Back 16

1. Gametes produce identical copies of themselves with full chromosome sets, where spores produce halved chromosome set organisms.
2. Gametes already come from a 1n organism, Gametophytes, where spores come from a 2n organism, Sporophytes, which means their chromosome number has to be cut in half.

Front 17

What's a cuticle?

Back 17

1. Polyester and wax polymers.
2. Reduces water loss

Front 18

What's a secondary plant compound and why do they make them?

Back 18

1. Complex chemicals made by the plant that are not essential for life.
2. However, they act as deterrents to land herbivores or UV protection.

Front 19

Why are mycorrhizae important?

Back 19

1. They help plant roots bring in nutrients and provide extra surface area to absorb water and nutrients.
2. They also help act as roots for plants that do not have true root systems.

Front 20

Compare and contrast archegonia and antheridia. How are they alike? How are they different?

Back 20

1. Archegonia - female gametangia, which produce gametes. They are the site of egg production and fertilization.
2. Antheridia - male gametangia, which produce gametes. They are the site of sperm production and release.

Front 21

What is a sporangium?

Back 21

1. Organ where sporophytes produce spores.

Front 22

What are the differences between a spore and a gamete?

Back 22

1. A spore can germinate on its own, where a gamete cannot.
2. Spores are made from undergoing meiosis, gametes are made from undergoing mitosis.

Front 23

What is so special about an apical meristem?

Back 23

1. Plants sustain continual growth in the apical meristem.
2. Cells from the apical meristem differenciate into various tissues.

Front 24

What is one explanation for the presence of a gametophyte phase? (remember my hemophilia story!)

Back 24

1. The gametophyte phase may be there in order to weed out the bad genes. Since they are haploid cells, only the good ones will survive in undergoing mitosis.

Front 25

Why is vascular tissue important?

Back 25

1. It provides the plant with nutrients and water.
2. It also is an informal classification for land plants.

Front 26

Draw a phylogeny using the following:
liverworts, hornworts, mosses, lycophytes, pterophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms.

Back 26

1. From top to bottom of the tree - LHMLPGA
- Liverworts
- Hornworts
- Mosses
- Lycophytes
- Pterophytes
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms

Front 27

What 3 groups are the nonvascular land plants?

Back 27

1. Liverworts
2. Hornworts
3. Mosses

Front 28

What 2 groups form the seedless vasular plants?

Back 28

1. Lycophytes
2. Pterophytes

Front 29

What 2 groups form the seed plants?

Back 29

1. Gymnosperms
2. Angiosperms

Front 30

What's a seed?

Back 30

1. Embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat.

Front 31

What's a hepatophyte?

Back 31

1. Liverwort

Front 32

What's an anthocerophyte?

Back 32

1. Hornwort

Front 33

The ____________ is dominant in the nonvascular life-cycle.

Back 33

1. Haploid gametophyte

Front 34

A spore develops into a____________.

Back 34

1. Gametophyte

Front 35

Gametes fuse to eventually give rise to a_______________.

Back 35

1. Sporophyte

Front 36

Be able to label a diagram of a moss life-cycle with the following:
Antheridia
Archegonium
gametophyte (male or female)
sporophyte
spore
embryo
which are diploid or haploid?

Back 36

1. See packet for details
2. Diploid:
- Sporophyte
- Archegonium
- Embryo
3. Haploid
- Spore
- gamete
- Antheridia

Front 37

What's a peristome? Foot? Seta? Sporangia/capsule?

Back 37

1. Peristome - allows spores to disperse after it is hit with a dry breeze.
2. Foot - anchors the moss into the ground.
3. Seta - stalk of the moss
4. Sporangia/capsule - makes spores and discharges through the peristome.

Front 38

What does a bryologist study?

Back 38

1. Mosses
2. Liverworts
3. Hornworts
4. Some study how some bryophytes break down lava into soil.

Front 39

Why do moss need wet environments?

Back 39

1. Because the sperm must travel/swim through water in order to fertilize the archegonia (egg). Without water, no fertilization would occur.

Front 40

What do the two types of vascular tissues do?

Back 40

1. Xylem - conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids.
2. Phloem - living cells that distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products.

Front 41

The two types of vascular tissues are_____________ and _______________.

Back 41

1. Xylem
2. Phloem

Front 42

Why do ferns do best in wet habitats?

Back 42

1. They are able to bring in more water through vascular tissue and thus grow larger, bringing in more sunlight than other plants.

Front 43

What is the vascular plant version of a rhizoid?

Back 43

1. Roots - organs that anchor vascular plants.

Front 44

What happened in plants aroound 420 million years ago?

Back 44

1. Early, tiny plants had independent, branching sporophytes.
2. Vascular have branching, non-vascular do not.

Front 45

Be able to label a fern life cycle!

Back 45

1. Starts with sporangium making spores.
2. Spores released and germinate into mature gametophyte.
3. Sperm from antheridium finds egg from archegonium and they form a zygote.
4. New sporophyte forms sporangium to make new spores.

Front 46

What are micro- and megaphylls?

Back 46

1. Microphylls - single vein leaves
2. Megaphylls - highly branched vascular system.

Front 47

What are sporophylls and sori?

Back 47

1. Sporophylls - modified leaves with sporangia.
2. Sori - clusters of sporangia on undersides of sporophylls.

Front 48

Explain how homosporous and heterosporous plants produce gametes.

Back 48

1. Homosporous plants just copy gametes using mitosis and reproduce.
2. Heterosporous plants use meiosis to make male and female gametes to cause fertilization and reproduce.
3. Megaspores - female gametophytes
4. Microspores - male gametophytes

Front 49

What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants? Common names of some examples?

Back 49

1. Phylum Lycophyta
- Club mosses
- Spike mosses
- Quillworts
2. Phylum Pterophyta
- Ferns
- Horsetails
- Whisk ferns

Front 50

Are all seedless vascular plants small?

Back 50

1. No, ferns can grow to be very large since they have vascular systems.

Front 51

How did seedless vascular plants likely contribute to global cooling in the Carboniferous? How did those same plants contribute to class today?

Back 51

1. They brought in the CO2 in photosynthesis and stored it in the ground, while releasing oxygen. CO2 traps heat, less CO2 equals less heat.
2. When the CO2 consumed by plants went into the ground it turns into coal or energy sources, which could be used to fuel the lights, computer, etc in class.

Front 52

Why aren't there big forests of seedless vascular plants today (why aren't they dominant like the good ol' days)?

Back 52

1. The seedless vascular plants developed "portable embryos" which allowed them to travel further distances and they were not as dependent on water.

Front 53

Why do Desert Gilias reproduce better in noisy habitats?

Back 53

1. Black Chinned humming birds are needed for Gilias to reproduce, but Desert Scrub Jay's eat BC Humming eggs.
2. The Desert Scrub Jay doesn't like noise and therefore in noisy environments, Humming birds are less likely to be eaten and can help the Gilias reproduce more.

Front 54

Why do Pinyon Pines reproduce better in quiet habitats?

Back 54

1. The Pinyon Pine Jay hates noise and it helps to spread the seeds by saving them for later.
2. The woodrat eats the pine seeds and doesn't allow for reproduction and it likes to be in noisy places, so the Pinyon Pine has a higher reproductive rate in quiet habitats with the Pinyon Pine Jay.

Front 55

What 3 things make up a seed?

Back 55

1. Embryo
2. Nutrients
3. Protective Coat

Front 56

What are the 5 key adaptations of seed plants?

Back 56

SHORP
1. Seeds
2. Reduced Gametophyte
3. Heterospory
4. Ovules
5. Pollen

Front 57

Why are these fern adaptations KEY for terrestrial life?

Back 57

1. seeds allowed for a "detachable womb" and allowed plants to become the dominant producers in terrestrial ecosystem.
2. Since the gametophyte developed within spores of the parent, the female gametophyte was protected from UV and dessication.

Front 58

What is heterospory?

Back 58

1. Production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by sporophytes of land plants.

Front 59

What are the 3 parts of an unfertilized ovule?

Back 59

1. Megasporangium
2. Megaspore
3. One or more protective integuments

Front 60

Draw an ovule.

Back 60

1. Contains a protective integument, megaspore and megasporangium.

Front 61

What is a pollen grain?

Back 61

1. Microspores develop into pollen grains, which contain the male gametophyte.
2. Inside is a tiny, tiny plant.

Front 62

What is pollination?

Back 62

1. transfer of pollen to the part of a seed containing the ovules.

Front 63

What are the 3 parts of a gymnosperm seed. If they have chromosomes, what are their ploidy levels?

Back 63

1. Seed coat
2. Food supply - female gametophyte - haploid (n)
3. Embryo - new sporophyte - diploid (2n)

Front 64

What are the four phyla of gymnosperms. Give an example of a plant from each.

Back 64

1. Cycadophyta - cycads
2. Gingkophyta - Ginkgo biloba
3. Gnetophyta - Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia
4. Coniferophyta - pine, fir, redwood, etc.

Front 65

How can preventing fire result in habitat loss and bigger, more destructive fires?

Back 65

1. The understory gets bigger and prevents some wildlife from habitating area.
2. The hardwood trees come up and take over some of the longleaf pine forests.
3. The pine needles build up on the forest floor and are highly flammable. Also, the understory can transfer the fire to the higher trees spreading it faster.

Front 66

What are the two intermediate life stages that a Longleaf Pine goes through after the seed germinates but before "adulthood".

Back 66

1. Grass stage - builds root system. Meristem protected by needles.
2. Bottlebush - shoots up fast, vulnerable but bark is thickening rapidly.

Front 67

Genus Ephedra produces the secondary plant compounds:

Back 67

1. Caffeine
2. Ephedrine

Front 68

Many conifer forests depend on _______________ for survival.

Back 68

1. Fire Ecology

Front 69

Male spores of a pine tree are called ___________ and develop into a____________.

Back 69

1. Microspores
2. Pollen Grain

Front 70

Female spores are called ___________ and develop into a____________.

Back 70

1. Megaspores
2. Female Gametophyte

Front 71

What are three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle?

Back 71

1. Dominance of sporophyte generation.
2. Development of seeds from fertilized ovules.
3. Transfer of sperm to ovules from pollen grains.

Front 72

What is a disclimax community?

Back 72

1. Rely on disturbances to stay healthy.
2. Thick bark, no lower limbs, no understory, no fuel buildup.

Front 73

What do Thomas Jefferson and hedge apples have in common?

Back 73

1. Jefferson found bones of a large animal that ate the hedge apples. He thought it was a large lion.
2. He also believed things weren't actually extinct, just not found yet.

Front 74

Angion is greek for_______________.

Back 74

1. Container

Front 75

About how many species of angiosperms?

Back 75

1. 250,000

Front 76

What are the four major parts of a flower that are derived from specialized leaves?

Back 76

1. Sepals - which enclose flower
2. Petals - which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
3. Stamens - which produce pollen on their terminal anthers (males)
4. Carpels - produce ovules - female

Front 77

What's a fruit?

Back 77

1. Mature Ovary
2. Typically consists of a mature ovary, but can also include other flower parts.

Front 78

What's a fruit good for?

Back 78

1. Protecting seeds and aid in dispersal
2. Can either be fleshy or dry

Front 79

Why does a strawberry turn red?

Back 79

1. To alert consumers that it is ready to be eaten and the seeds are fully developed.
2. If strawberry isn't red, seeds aren't ready to be eaten and secreted into the ground by an animal.

Front 80

What phylum makes up the angiosperms?

Back 80

1. Phylum Anthophyta

Front 81

The male part of a flower is the___________ and has an_________ on top of a ________.

Back 81

1. Stamen
2. Anther
3. Filament

Front 82

What are the parts of a carpel?

Back 82

1. Stigma
2. Style
3. Ovary

Front 83

If needle-like, waxy leaves are an adaptation for arid environments because they prevent water loss, why are so many northern forests (boreal or taiga) dominated by conifers?

Back 83

1. Because conifers are better able to disperse seeds.
2. Waxy leaves protect the trees from the freezing temps. Also, maybe northern forests get periodic droughts, so conifers would be a good thing to have.

Front 84

What's an anachronistic fruit!?

Back 84

1. Out of time fruit - outdated

Front 85

Janzen would say that hedge apples and/or Guanacaste fruits are becoming more rare because
_____________ are missing.

Back 85

1. Gamphotheres - large elephant like creatures.

Front 86

What does monecious mean?

Back 86

1. Plant has both male and females parts.

Front 87

Be able to label the angiosperm life cycle (microspore, megaspore, male and female gametophyte, central cell, embryo, female gametophyte, embryo, endosperm, seed coat, sporophyte. Know their ploidy levels - 1n, 2n, 3n. What does double fertilization mean?

Back 87

1. Double fertilization - two sperm fertilize, one fertilizes the egg in megaspore and the other combines with 2 nuclei to form three haploid nuclei.