Biology - Evolution First Exam

Front 1

A comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence and that generates testable and falsifiable predictions.

Back 1

Theory

Front 2

Some form of evidence that has been tested and confirmed so many times that there is no compelling reason to keep confirming it.

Back 2

Fact

Front 3

• Gradualism
• Descent form common ancestor
• Descent with modification
• Multiplication of species
• Natural selection
• Sexual selection

Back 3

Darwinian Theories of Evolution

Front 4

• Genetic recombination [Flu]
• Genetic drift [early history of HIV]

Back 4

Non-Darwinian theories of evolution

Front 5

Vast accumulation of observations and data and existing theory generates

Back 5

Scientific Theory

Front 6

Fossils or evidence showing how one species mutated into another species which resulted in a different species.

Back 6

Transitional Forms

Front 7

______legs in rubber boa.
Looks like a small claw on the side of snake. Used to make a male snake more desirable to females for mating.

Back 7

Vestigial

Front 8

Body part or structure on or inside an organism which serves little to no function.

Back 8

Vestigial Structure

Front 9

Apes/Monkeys are much stronger than humans. Hair in apes/monkeys have erector pili muscle which allows their hair to poof out and make them look larger.

Back 9

Vestigial muscle in humans

Front 10

99.99% of all species that have ever existed are ______ now.

Back 10

Extinct

Front 11

When you find a diversity of fossils in a diverse population, it indicates a recent common ancestor.

Back 11

Law of Succession

Front 12

The general pattern of correspondence between fossil and living forms from the same locale came to be know as

Back 12

Law of Succession

Front 13

How populations change through time following modifications in their environment, and how new species come into being

Back 13

Evolutionary Biology

Front 14

Does not look to the future. Creates change on individuals and not the population.

Back 14

Natural Selection

Front 15

Become predominant in the host because they enjoy a short-term advantage in survival and reproduction.

Back 15

Lethal strains of HIV

Front 16

First recognized in 1981

Back 16

AIDS

Front 17

HIV's genome and life cycle are similar to those of the SIV's, a family of viruses that infect a variety of primates.

Back 17

Where HIV came from

Front 18

_____derived from one of the SIV's and that the global AIDS epidemic started when this SIV moved from its primate host into humans.

Back 18

HIV

Front 19

This virus was probably transmitted from sooty mangabeys to humans

Back 19

HIV-2

Front 20

Virus which is causing the AIDS epidemic

Back 20

HIV-1

Front 21

SIV that infects chimpanzees was transmitted from chimps to humans, where it evolved into_____

Back 21

HIV-1

Front 22

Species are immutable, independent, and recent.

Back 22

Theory of Special Creation

Front 23

A useless or rudimentary version of a body part that has an important function in other, closely allied, species.

Back 23

Vestigial Structures

Front 24

are an extinct group of marine invertebrate animals in the subclass Ammonoidea of the class Cephalopoda. These molluscs are more closely related to living coleoids (i.e. octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish) than they are to shelled nautiloids such as the living Nautilus species.
• Shell reduction over time

Back 24

Ammonoides

Front 25

- a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Superficially they looked rather like rhinos, although they were not true rhinos and are probably most closely related to horses. They lived around 56–34 million years ago, until the very close of the Eocene.
• Teeth, bones, size of __________ are convincing transitional forms

Back 25

Titanotheres

Front 26

Small body size. Nasal opening grew, which also started the formation of a nasal bone known as tusks. The huge nasal opening at the top of the head is where the trunk formed.

Back 26

Ancient Elephants

Front 27

Phylogenetic tree =?

Back 27

Evolutionary Tree

Front 28

originated from West Africa
Origin of humans was in Africa, because every strain of ____ could be found in Africa

Back 28

HIV

Front 29

similar bone structures in different species

Back 29

Structural Homology

Front 30

? = fossil genes (genes that no longer produce proteins)
• Distribution of six human ______ of various ages shows similarities and how close other species are related to humans.

Back 30

Pseudogenes

Front 31

has 4000 functional genes, 6 fossil genes. airborne and very deadly. Can survive on its own

Back 31

Tuberculosis

Front 32

has 1600 functional genes, 1100 fossil genes. • There were a lot of genes that ______ no longer needed. does not transmit as easily, cannot live on its own. Needs a host.

Back 32

Leprosy

Front 33

Claire Patterson's prediction of the age of the earth, was based off of Lord Kelvin's prediction, which is based off of Darwin's prediction of how old england is, and that is based off of Georges- Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon prediction, and so on...

Back 33

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Front 34

Vertebrate forelimbs or any other structure which is similar in different species, but has different functions in each unique species.

Back 34

Structural Homologies

Front 35

If humans had a different genetic code from chimpanzees, we would not have been susceptible to the chimpanzee virus that became HIV. This susceptibility shows evidence towards a common ancestor.

Back 35

Molecular Homologies

Front 36

Embryos from different vertebrates show striking similarities early in development, such as pharyngeal pouches and a tail.

Back 36

Developmental Homology

Front 37

Determining the ________ was important to evolutionary theory, because it supports uniformitarianism or that geological processes taking place now operated similarly in the past. And to disprove the theory of special creation.

Back 37

Age of the Earth

Front 38

Used to test Darwin's hypothesis of common ancestry. 6 _______ older than 11 million years old. between human, chimp, gorilla, orangutan, rhesus monkey, capuchin monkey, and hamster

Back 38

Pseudogenes

Front 39

Breeders select a desirable trait in their plants and animals and increase the frequency of organisms with that trait.

Back 39

Artificial Selection

Front 40

individuals within population vary

Back 40

Postulate 1

Front 41

The variations among individuals are, at least in part, passed from parents to offspring

Back 41

Postulate 2

Front 42

In every generation, some individuals are more successful at survival and reproduction

Back 42

Postulate 3

Front 43

The survival and reproduction of individuals are not random; instead they are tied to the variation among individuals. Those who have variations that are better at survival and reproductions will be favored by Natural Selection.

Back 43

Postulate 4

Front 44

finches on the Galapagos Islands have variation in beaks to eat specific sized and hardened seeds.

Back 44

Postulate 1

Front 45

how professor Krupa breed Modena and American giant runt pigeons to make a generation of polish lynx

Back 45

Postulate 2

Front 46

In other words, individuals in a population vary in their biological fitness. In other words, some individuals in a population produce more offspring than can survive to reproduce. This leads to competition between individuals resulting from populations producing far more offspring than can survive.

Back 46

Postulate 3

Front 47

A variation of finches who favor an island with a large seeds, will reproduce until they have a generation with larger beaked finches to crack open the large seeds.

Back 47

Postulate 4

Front 48

results in individuals being better adapted to their environment

Back 48

Natural Selection

Front 49

an acquired characteristic that increases the fitness of an individual compared to other individuals without the trait.

Back 49

Adaptation

Front 50

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in nature

Back 50

Darwinian fitness

Front 51

The number of offspring produced by an individual can measure ________.

The amount of generations produced can measure ______

Best measure of _______ is the number of copies of your genes left in future generations.

Back 51

Fitness

Front 52

the number of offspring produced by an individual. One way to measure fitness.

Back 52

Reproductive Success

Front 53

Which of the following best defines inclusive fitness?
A) The number of your offspring that survive to maturity as well as the number of their offspring (your grand kids) that survive to maturity
B) The number of your offspring, your siblings offspring, and your cousins’ offspring that survive to maturity
C) The number of your direct descendants that survive to maturity
D) All of the above

Back 53

B

Front 54

Vestigial body parts are examples of what two kinds of changes in evolution:

Back 54

Macroevolution and microevolution

Front 55

________ are found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot. Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect. The presence of the ________ bone holds the tendon slightly farther away from the center of the joint and thus increases its moment arm. _________ bones also prevent the tendon from flattening into the joint as tension increases and therefore also maintain a more consistent moment arm through a variety of possible tendon loads.

Back 55

Sesamoid bone

Front 56

Fence lizard is a great example of __________. Each lizard has scales that match their environment. Being tan for the sand or black for the rocks.

Back 56

Natural Selection

Front 57

Black rocks in the environment impose change on the organisms living there. Black mice, black lizards, black grasshoppers, black rattle snakes. White sands in the environment impose change on the organisms living there. White praying mantis, white lizard, gophers and gopher mounds

Back 57

Natural Selection

Front 58

• Gradual evolution results from small genetic changes acted upon by natural selection
• The evolution of new species from existing species, macroevolution, can be explained by natural selection acting on individuals, which is microevolution

Back 58

The Modern Synthesis

Front 59

As a result of mutation creating new alleles, and segregation and independent assortment shuffling alleles into new combinations, individuals within populations are variable for many traits

Back 59

Postulate 1 of Natural Selection

Front 60

Individuals pass their alleles on to their offspring intact.

Back 60

Postulate 2 of Natural Selection

Front 61

In every generation, some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others

Back 61

Postulate 3 of Natural Selection

Front 62

The individuals that survive and reproduce, or who reproduce the most, are those with the alleles and allelic combinations that best adapt them to their environment.

Back 62

Postulate 4 of Natural Selection

Front 63

Only when the survivors of selection pass their successful _____ to their offspring, via genotypes that help determine ______, does natural selection cause populations to change from one generation to the next

Back 63

Phenotypes

Front 64

_____is always a generation behind any changes in the environment

Back 64

Evolution

Front 65

Gophers of white sands have a white belly and a darker back to act as a _______ . Same thing for orange gophers in Oklahoma

Back 65

Camouflage

Front 66

acts on individuals, but its consequences occurs in populations

Back 66

Natural Selection

Front 67

• _________ acts on phenotypes, but evolution consists of changes in allele frequency
• _________ is not forward looking
• New traits can evolve, even though _________ acts on existing traits

Back 67

Natural Selection

Front 68

• __________ does not lead to perfection
• _________ is nonrandom, but is not progressive
• Fitness is not circular
• ________ acts on individuals, not for the good of the species

Back 68

Natural Selection

Front 69

CHOOSE 2: How much time should be spent where?
Avoid death and predators
Find Food
Reproduce

Back 69

The struggle for existence and
The triangle of life

Front 70

Darwinian fitness is the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment. Similarly, ________ says the same thing except it is not random and there are conclusive reasons as to why the individual was successful over another individual

Back 70

Reproductive Success

Front 71

The male mosquito fish is more likely to mate if he has a large anal fin, but is slower and easily hunted down if he has a large anal tail. This is an example of where ________ does not lead to perfection.

Back 71

Natural Selection

Front 72

• A shared derived character

Back 72

Synapomorphy

Front 73

• In a phylogenetic analysis, _________ are used to define clades and distinguish them from out-groups.
• Ex: the uniquely modified hind wings found in all families of winged flies.

Back 73

Synapomorphy

Front 74

• Similarity in the characters found in different species that is due to:
o Convergent evolution
o Parallelism
o Reversal (reverse mutations)

Back 74

Homoplasy

Front 75

All ___________ are homologous structures, but not all homologous structures are ____________.

Back 75

synapomorphies

Front 76

________ are species that you cannot easily tell apart.

Back 76

cryptic species

Front 77

• An inescapable compromise between one trait and another
• It is impossible for the perfect organism to evolve
• Phenotypes reflect compromises between competing demands

Back 77

Evolutionary Trade-offs

Front 78

1. _______ knew nothing of mutations or how variation came about
2. _______ knew nothing about genetics or how variation was passed on to offspring
3. The age of the earth was not known and thought to be 15 to 20 million years.

Back 78

Darwin

Front 79

Evolutionary history of a group of species is called ________

Back 79

Phylogeny

Front 80

_______ is a graphical summary of the history of a group of species.

Back 80

Phylogenetic tree

Front 81

_______ is a cluster of synapomorphies on a phylogenetic tree. Tetrapoda is a ________ which links limbs, amniotic egg, hole in skull below eye socket, extensive changes in skeleton, hole in skull in front of eye socket, and S-shaped neck, short forelimbs, feathers together for Frogs, Salamanders, Mammals, Turtles, Snakes, Lizards, Crocodiles, and birds

Back 81

Cladograms or Clade

Front 82

_______ ________ occurs when natural selection favors similar structures as solutions to problems posed by similar environments. Octopus, Ray-finned fish, Crocodile, and Hippopotamus all have morphological similar eyes and skulls which evolved independently in different lineages due to _________ _________

Back 82

Convergent evolution

Front 83

When a DNA sequence is mutated to have one or more different coding letters, and then mutates back to the original DNA sequence. This _______ or "back-mutation" can remove synapomorphies.

Back 83

Reversal

Front 84

• A criterion for selecting among alternative patterns or explanations based on minimizing the total amount of change or complexity.
• What is the most likely, simplest of observed events in a phylogenetic tree

Back 84

Parsimony

Front 85

Convergent evolution and reversals give a simpler and more likely explanation of a trait being developed by two different species. Such as the origin of the camera eye between the octopus and vertebrate.

Back 85

Parsimony

Front 86

Naming schemes that are based on evolutionary relationships are referred to as phylogenetic or _________ approaches.

Back 86

Cladistic

Front 87

The set of species (or populations) descended from a common ancestor

Back 87

Monophyletic group

Front 88

A set of species that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of it's descendants.

Back 88

Paraphyletic group

Front 89

___________ pertain to the various structures in different species having the same appearance, structure or function but have evolved separately, thus do not share common ancestor.

Back 89

Analogous structures

Front 90

_______ is the only process that creates completely new alleles and new genes.

Back 90

Mutation

Front 91

______ are the raw material of evolution

Back 91

Mutations

Front 92

A ________ is any change in DNA. Genes are made of DNA, so changes in DNA create changes in genes.

Back 92

Mutation

Front 93

______ are stretches of DNA that code for a distinctive type of RNA or protein product.

Back 93

Genes

Front 94

_______ are versions of the same gene that differ in their base sequence.

Back 94

Alleles

Front 95

_______ is an alteration at a single point in the base sequence of a gene. How sickle-cell hemoglobin was caused by a single amino acid change at position number 6 in the protein chain, which is 146 amino acids long. Instead of having glutamic acid at this position, the sickling allele has valine.

Back 95

Point Mutation

Front 96

______ are caused by one of two processes: random errors in DNA synthesis or random errors in the repair of sites damaged by chemical mutagens of high-energy radiation. Both changes result from reactions catalyzed by DNA polymerase.

Back 96

Point Mutations

Front 97

_______ introduces a great deal of genetic variation into populations in every generation

Back 97

Mutation

Front 98

_______ _______ can create new genes because it creates new DNA.

Back 98

Gene Duplication

Front 99

______ _______ occur often enough to be an important source of genetic variation in populations over time

Back 99

Gene Duplications

Front 100

Fetal ______ has a higher affinity for oxygen molecules than adult ______. As a result, oxygen molecules are efficiently transferred from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy.

Back 100

hemoglobin

Front 101

DNA sequences that are homologous to functioning genes, but are not transcribed.

Back 101

Pseudogenes

Front 102

Organisms that have more than two chromosome sets are said to be _______. Ex: tetraploid 4n, hexaploid 6n, octoploid 8n, or higher.

Back 102

Polyploid

Front 103

_______ individuals have one or more extra copies of every gene in the genome.

Back 103

Polyploid

Front 104

______ is a key source of genetic variation because it produces hundreds of thousands or duplicated genes.

Back 104

Polyploidy

Front 105

______ is caused by the failure of homologous chromosomes segregating during meiosis 1 or if sister chromatids do not separate completely during meiosis 2, the resulting cells may have double the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. More common in plants during mitotic dell divisions because of self-fertilization

Back 105

Polyploidy

Front 106

_____ may lock groups of alleles into tightly linked "supergenes", polyploidization can lead to the formation of new species, and genome duplication provides massive amounts of redundant gene sequences that may then diversify.

Back 106

Inversion mutations

Front 107

The types homologies that are useful in estimating phylogenies are called ______

Back 107

synapomorphies

Front 108

Fitness of _______ – fitness of ________ = S

Back 108

favored phenotype, mutated phenotype
If S = 0, then mutated phenotype equals fitness of favored phenotype
If S = 1, then mutated phenotype is completely lethal

Front 109

A _______ (4n) plant will mutate and separate itself from the rest of the 2n plants. It can no longer reproduce with 2n plants.

Back 109

Polyploid

Front 110

• Flipping of a chromosome segment, so order of genes along the chromosome changes
• Breaks in DNA caused by radiation or other insults
• Alleles inside the inversion are likely transmitted together, as a unit.

Back 110

Inversion mutations or chromosome inversion

Front 111

• Base pair substitutions in DNA sequences
• Chance errors during DNA synthesis or during repair of damaged DNA
• Creates new alleles

Back 111

Point mutation

Front 112

• Duplication of a short stretch of DNA, creating an extra copy of the sequence
• Unequal crossing over during meiosis or retrotransposition
• Redundant new genes may acquire new functions, by mutation

Back 112

Gene duplications

Front 113

• Addition of a complete set of chromosomes
• Errors in meiosis or (in plants) mitosis
• May create new species; massive gene duplication

Back 113

Genome Duplication